1. P91鋼(gang)的化學成分(fen)


 P91鋼為馬氏體耐熱鋼,其化(hua)學(xue)成分見表4-18.


表 18.jpg


2. 焊前準(zhun)備


  對(dui)口裝配(pei)應支撐(cheng)牢(lao)固,防止(zhi)在焊(han)接過程中發生(sheng)管(guan)道位移和變形(xing)。嚴禁在管(guan)道母(mu)材(cai)上焊(han)接其(qi)他支撐(cheng)物(wu)。支撐(cheng)物(wu)應遠離加(jia)熱器(qi)300~500mm.對(dui)口間隙(xi)4~5mm,鈍邊≤2mm.點(dian)固時采用(yong)同種材(cai)料點(dian)固塊,長度為(wei)10~20mm,用(yong)電焊(han)點(dian)固到P91管(guan)坡口內,待打底層(ceng)完成后再用(yong)角磨機磨掉(diao)。


  試(shi)件(jian)(jian)組對前用半(ban)圓銼(cuo)將毛(mao)刺打(da)磨掉,然后(hou)銼(cuo)出所需(xu)鈍(dun)邊。清除試(shi)件(jian)(jian)坡口周圍20mm范(fan)圍內(nei)鐵(tie)銹、油污等。


  采用有(you)效的充(chong)氬(ya)氣保護措施,在(zai)P91大管(guan)600mm長度(du)范圍內(nei),焊縫間隙用錫箔紙(zhi)封(feng)(feng)死,管(guan)端用草紙(zhi)板(ban)密(mi)閉封(feng)(feng)堵成(cheng)一(yi)個氣池,在(zai)300℃時草紙(zhi)板(ban)焦(jiao)煳,760℃高溫回火(huo)后(hou),草紙(zhi)板(ban)變(bian)為灰燼,不會造成(cheng)危害。


3. 焊接


  焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方(fang)法采用手工(gong)TIG焊(han)(han)(han)打底和(he)焊(han)(han)(han)條電弧焊(han)(han)(han)填充蓋(gai)面。對于水平固定管始(shi)焊(han)(han)(han)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)在時鐘(zhong)6點(dian)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi),焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方(fang)向(xiang)由底向(xiang)上分兩半圈進行(xing)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie),可先(xian)從逆(ni)時針方(fang)向(xiang)開(kai)始(shi)。對于垂直固定管起焊(han)(han)(han)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)不作要求(qiu)。焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)工(gong)藝(yi)參數見表4-19.


表 19.jpg


①. 氬弧焊(han)打(da)底焊(han)


  a. 水平固定焊


   水平固定氬(ya)弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)底(di)(di)部(bu)引弧后,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)坡口根部(bu)間隙(xi)兩側(ce)用(yong)(yong)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍劃圈預(yu)熱,待坡口兩側(ce)鈍邊(bian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)形(xing)成(cheng)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔后,由管(guan)內側(ce)緊貼(tie)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔送(song)進焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si),填(tian)(tian)絲(si)(si)(si)方法(fa)如圖(tu)4-46和(he)圖(tu)4-47所示。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鈍邊(bian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)邊(bian)緣兩側(ce)各送(song)進一滴液態金屬,通(tong)過焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)擺(bai)(bai)動(dong)(dong)(dong),使之形(xing)成(cheng)搭橋連(lian)接。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)底(di)(di)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)過程中,應根據焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接位(wei)(wei)置的不同變換填(tian)(tian)絲(si)(si)(si)方式。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)仰(yang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)及仰(yang)爬坡焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)位(wei)(wei)置采用(yong)(yong)內填(tian)(tian)絲(si)(si)(si)法(fa),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)立(li)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)、立(li)爬坡焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)及平焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)位(wei)(wei)置時(shi)采用(yong)(yong)外填(tian)(tian)絲(si)(si)(si)法(fa);焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)與(yu)管(guan)外壁焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接方向(xiang)(xiang)成(cheng)10°~15°夾角。打(da)底(di)(di)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)時(shi)注(zhu)意(yi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍及焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)擺(bai)(bai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方法(fa),一般以鋸齒或(huo)月牙擺(bai)(bai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)為宜(圖(tu)4-48).電弧熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)坡口每側(ce)0.5~1mm,焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)送(song)進要緊貼(tie)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池,焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)端部(bu)跟電弧行走(zou)方向(xiang)(xiang)做小(xiao)幅(fu)度(du)橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)擺(bai)(bai)動(dong)(dong)(dong),擺(bai)(bai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中注(zhu)意(yi)不得使焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)與(yu)鎢極端部(bu)接觸。


  封(feng)口(kou)焊時,當電(dian)弧(hu)運至距管子頂(ding)部3~4mm處,停(ting)止送(song)絲(si),先(xian)在(zai)封(feng)口(kou)處周圍(wei)劃圈預熱,使之(zhi)呈紅熱狀態,然后(hou)將電(dian)弧(hu)拉回原熔池填絲(si)焊接(jie)。封(feng)口(kou)后(hou)停(ting)止送(song)絲(si)繼續(xu)向(xiang)前施焊5~10mm停(ting)弧(hu)。停(ting)弧(hu)后(hou)不(bu)要立(li)即移開焊槍(qiang),要待熔池凝固(gu)后(hou)再移開。


  后半部焊接按(an)順時(shi)針方向焊接,焊接方法與前半圈(quan)相同。打底焊縫厚度一般以2~2.5mm為宜。


  b. 垂直固定焊(han)


   垂(chui)直固定氬弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在坡(po)口(kou)(kou)內側(ce)空間引弧,焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)與焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接方向夾角為(wei)70°~80°,焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲與管壁內側(ce)周向夾角為(wei)10°~15°,將焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)在坡(po)口(kou)(kou)根部做(zuo)上、下(xia)(xia)(xia)劃(hua)圈預熱。當鈍邊熔化形成(cheng)(cheng)熔孔后,即在坡(po)口(kou)(kou)根部上、下(xia)(xia)(xia)側(ce)各送一滴液態金屬(shu),擺動焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)形成(cheng)(cheng)搭(da)橋連接,然后開(kai)始(shi)正常焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接。填充時應(ying)注意(yi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲端(duan)部從上側(ce)坡(po)口(kou)(kou)斜拉下(xia)(xia)(xia)側(ce)坡(po)口(kou)(kou)根部,保(bao)證(zheng)電弧一半用(yong)來(lai)熔化金屬(shu),使(shi)之形成(cheng)(cheng)均勻(yun)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng);一半用(yong)來(lai)打開(kai)熔孔,保(bao)證(zheng)背面焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)成(cheng)(cheng)形。垂(chui)直固定管打底焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)時,受重力作(zuo)用(yong),液態金屬(shu)極易下(xia)(xia)(xia)墜,因此在操作(zuo)時送絲要節(jie)奏均勻(yun),焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)采用(yong)上、下(xia)(xia)(xia)斜拉鋸齒形擺動方法,盡量采用(yong)短弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接。


②. 焊(han)條電弧焊(han)填充及蓋面(mian)焊(han)


  a. 水平固定(ding)焊(han)


   水平固定管填充及蓋面焊(han)均采用(yong)焊(han)條(tiao)電(dian)弧焊(han),通(tong)常是(shi)將(jiang)打底焊(han)前半(ban)部分作為填充焊(han)的后半(ban)部分,目的是(shi)將(jiang)上下接頭錯(cuo)開,填充層運條(tiao)采用(yong)鋸齒形(xing)擺動,在(zai)焊(han)接過程(cheng)中,從下向上焊(han)接位置不得變(bian)化,焊(han)條(tiao)角(jiao)度也(ye)應隨之發生變(bian)化,如圖4-49所示。


49.jpg


  蓋面層采用月牙形運條焊(han)接,在(zai)坡口(kou)兩側邊緣要注意停頓。焊(han)條擺動(dong)要平穩,以使焊(han)后(hou)波紋均(jun)勻(yun)美觀(guan)。引(yin)弧(hu)點要在(zai)焊(han)接前方10~15mm處,電(dian)弧(hu)引(yin)燃后(hou),要拉回熔池中心處,待弧(hu)坑填滿后(hou),方能繼續向前擺動(dong)焊(han)接。水平固定管焊(han)道布置如圖4-50所(suo)示。


  b. 垂直固定焊


   垂直固定管(guan)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)時(shi),必須保證焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)兩端熔(rong)合良好,不(bu)(bu)得出現未熔(rong)合和夾(jia)渣(zha)等缺陷。填充焊(han)(han)(han)道(dao)采(cai)用多(duo)道(dao)焊(han)(han)(han),焊(han)(han)(han)道(dao)分布(bu)如圖(tu)4-51所(suo)示。焊(han)(han)(han)條角度如圖(tu)4-52和圖(tu)4-53所(suo)示。第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)焊(han)(han)(han)時(shi)焊(han)(han)(han)條與焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方向的(de)夾(jia)角為(wei)75°~85°,與坡(po)口下(xia)(xia)端夾(jia)角為(wei)50°~60°,運條方法為(wei)斜圓圈形(xing)。焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)過程中(zhong)注意電(dian)弧中(zhong)心(xin)對準上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)的(de)下(xia)(xia)邊緣,向前(qian)運條時(shi)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)將坡(po)口棱邊破壞,以防蓋(gai)面焊(han)(han)(han)時(shi)影響視線(xian)。下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)焊(han)(han)(han)對準上(shang)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)的(de)上(shang)邊緣,但(dan)焊(han)(han)(han)條角度向下(xia)(xia)適當調(diao)整(zheng)。運條時(shi)注意電(dian)弧覆蓋(gai)焊(han)(han)(han)道(dao)情(qing)況,下(xia)(xia)側要(yao)稍大(da)于上(shang)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)中(zhong)心(xin),上(shang)側要(yao)緊貼坡(po)口邊緣棱角處。


51.jpg


  蓋(gai)面(mian)焊(han)時(shi)第一(yi)道采用直線形運(yun)條(tiao)(tiao),短(duan)弧(hu)焊(han)接。焊(han)接中注意坡(po)口(kou)下邊(bian)緣(yuan)熔(rong)化情況,一(yi)般熔(rong)池(chi)要(yao)熔(rong)化坡(po)口(kou)邊(bian)緣(yuan)0.5~1mm.下一(yi)道焊(han)接采用斜圓(yuan)圈(quan)形運(yun)條(tiao)(tiao)方法,要(yao)壓(ya)住(zhu)上一(yi)道焊(han)縫近(jin)2/3.焊(han)條(tiao)(tiao)擺動幅度(du)要(yao)視所剩焊(han)縫寬度(du)選擇。寬度(du)大采用斜鋸齒擺動,寬度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)則采用直線運(yun)條(tiao)(tiao)方法。焊(han)接中要(yao)適當(dang)減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)焊(han)接電流,并(bing)縮短(duan)弧(hu)長,使熔(rong)化的液態金屬和熔(rong)渣(zha)均勻(yun)覆蓋(gai)在(zai)焊(han)縫表面(mian)上,得(de)到整齊美觀(guan)的焊(han)縫成(cheng)形。


4. 焊后(hou)熱處理


  焊(han)后(hou)在(zai)焊(han)縫(feng)冷至100~120℃后(hou)進行焊(han)后(hou)熱(re)(re)處理。焊(han)后(hou)熱(re)(re)處理的升溫(wen)速度控制(zhi)在(zai)150℃以下(xia),恒(heng)溫(wen)溫(wen)度為750℃±10℃,恒(heng)溫(wen)時間(jian)按壁厚每(mei)25mm保溫(wen)1h計算,但(dan)不得(de)少于3h,降至300℃以下(xia),可以不作控制(zhi)。