銅合金(jin)具有較(jiao)高的強度(du)和(he)塑性(xing)(xing)，具有高的彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)極限和(he)疲勞(lao)極限，同時還具有較(jiao)好的耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)、抗堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)及(ji)優(you)良的減摩(mo)性(xing)(xing)和(he)耐磨性(xing)(xing)。銅又分(fen)純銅（俗(su)稱(cheng)紫(zi)銅）、黃銅和(he)青銅等。


1. 純(chun)銅(tong)


  純銅(tong)面呈紫(zi)紅色，有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)導(dao)電性、導(dao)熱性和耐(nai)大氣腐蝕性，熔點為(wei)1083℃。在管(guan)道工(gong)程中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)純銅(tong)制成鋼管(guan)和法(fa)蘭(lan)(lan)墊片。因純銅(tong)硬度(du)較低(di)，退火(huo)后變得更柔(rou)軟，故常(chang)用(yong)作(zuo)高壓管(guan)道中(zhong)的(de)法(fa)蘭(lan)(lan)墊片。純銅(tong)管(guan)的(de)低(di)溫(wen)性能比鋼材(cai)好(hao)，故純銅(tong)管(guan)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)空分設備管(guan)道、冷凍管(guan)道和儀(yi)表管(guan)道。純銅(tong)的(de)高溫(wen)性能差，在120℃以下，容(rong)許抗(kang)拉強度(du)為(wei)29.43MPa。溫(wen)度(du)若再(zai)升高，其機械強度(du)則急劇下降(jiang)，當(dang)溫(wen)度(du)上升至250℃時，其容(rong)許抗(kang)拉強度(du)只相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)常(chang)溫(wen)時的(de)2／3，已不宜在壓力下使用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)純銅(tong)牌號為(wei)T2、T3、T4，雜質含量T2最少，T4最多(duo)。


2. 黃(huang)銅(H)(brass)(H）


  黃銅是(shi)銅和鋅(xin)的(de)合金(jin)(jin)，其機(ji)械強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)，有較好(hao)的(de)耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)和澆鑄性(xing)，可(ke)用來(lai)制(zhi)作管(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)件和閥門(men)等。化(hua)工上常用的(de)有H80、H68、H62（“H”是(shi)黃銅代號，后邊的(de)數字(zi)表(biao)示合金(jin)(jin)中(zhong)銅的(de)平(ping)均含(han)量）。H80比H68塑性(xing)好(hao)。作強(qiang)度(du)計算時(shi)，在120℃以下，黃銅容(rong)許抗拉強(qiang)度(du)為29.43MPa。隨著溫度(du)升高(gao)，其強(qiang)度(du)則(ze)急劇下降(jiang)，當溫度(du)沒超過(guo)225℃時(shi)，黃銅閥件可(ke)用在壓力不超過(guo)1.6MPa的(de)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)中(zhong)。


3. 青銅（bronze）（Q）


  青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和錫的合金，又稱錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。由(you)于錫的價格較(jiao)高，故(gu)制(zhi)造青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)其他元(yuan)素代替，因(yin)而(er)又有無錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)鋁(lv)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、鉛青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、硅青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通常(chang)(chang)(chang)由(you)澆鑄(zhu)而(er)成，其強(qiang)度、硬度及(ji)耐腐蝕性都比黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)好(hao)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)于制(zhi)造蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)、輪(lun)，以及(ji)管道工程中的閥(fa)件和管件等(deng)。


  例(li)如，制冷系(xi)統(tong)空調(diao)器用銅配管(guan)(guan)的材(cai)料為(wei)(wei)磷(lin)脫氧(yang)無縫拉制銅管(guan)(guan)，牌號為(wei)(wei)TP2（GB／T 5231），供(gong)應(ying)(ying)狀態有M（軟）、Y（硬(ying)），材(cai)料標記(ji)方法分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)TP2M，TP2Y。對應(ying)(ying)日本牌號分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)C1220T-OL，C1220-H。要求使(shi)用內表面無氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)的光亮管(guan)(guan)。其直徑、壁厚可參照(zhao)GB／T 1804。其化(hua)(hua)學成分(fen)分(fen)析(xi)方法按GB／T 5121進行，性(xing)能可按GB／T 228、GB／T 242、GB／T 246。