根(gen)據(ju)結構形(xing)式的不同,螺栓(shuan)可分為(wei)六角頭螺栓(shuan)(又(you)稱(cheng)單(dan)頭螺栓(shuan))和螺柱(又(you)稱(cheng)雙頭螺栓(shuan))兩類(lei),而雙頭螺栓(shuan)又(you)分為(wei)通絲(si)和非通絲(si)兩種,如圖4-12所示(shi)。


圖 12.jpg


1. 六角頭(tou)螺栓(shuan)(Hexagonal Head Bolt)


  常(chang)(chang)與平焊法蘭和(he)非金(jin)屬(shu)墊片配(pei)合,用(yong)(yong)于操(cao)作(zuo)較緩(huan)和(he)的(de)工(gong)況下。常(chang)(chang)配(pei) H=0.8D 螺母。六角頭螺栓常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)材料是(shi)BL3或者是(shi)Q235B。石化工(gong)業(ye)中一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)壓力、溫度較低的(de)冷卻水、空氣(qi)等公(gong)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)程管道(dao)上。


2. 螺柱(Stud Bolt)


  常與對(dui)焊法(fa)蘭配合,使(shi)用在操作條件比較苛刻的工況(kuang)下。


  螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu)本身又分全螺(luo)(luo)紋螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu)(通(tong)(tong)絲型)和(he)等長(chang)雙頭(tou)(tou)螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu)(非通(tong)(tong)絲型),其(qi)中,因為通(tong)(tong)絲型雙頭(tou)(tou)螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)上沒(mei)有截(jie)面形(xing)狀的變化,故其(qi)承載能力(li)(li)強,而(er)非通(tong)(tong)絲型雙頭(tou)(tou)螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)則相對承載能力(li)(li)較弱。螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu)適用于所有公稱壓力(li)(li)等級的管法蘭(lan),以往規定PN2.5MPa的法蘭(lan)可配六角頭(tou)(tou)螺(luo)(luo)PN≤2.5MP栓(shuan),也可配螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu),而(er)PN≥4.0MPa的法蘭(lan)只配螺(luo)(luo)柱(zhu)(zhu)。


《石油化工管道(dao)設計(ji)器材選用(yong)(yong)通則》(SH 3059)規定(ding)除PN<5.0MPa,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)軟(ruan)質墊片的法(fa)(fa)蘭(lan)連接(jie)(jie)可選用(yong)(yong)六角頭螺(luo)栓(shuan)外,其他(ta)法(fa)(fa)蘭(lan)連接(jie)(jie)均應選用(yong)(yong)全螺(luo)紋(wen)螺(luo)柱(zhu)。ASME B16.5也有類似規定(ding),公稱壓力≥400psi法(fa)(fa)蘭(lan)連接(jie)(jie)均采(cai)用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)柱(zhu)。


  此(ci)外,由(you)于(yu)同(tong)樣(yang)直(zhi)徑(jing)螺(luo)栓的保證荷(he)載與(yu)最小拉力荷(he)載,細(xi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)均比粗牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)要大(da)(da)(da),中石化(hua)總公司標準規定(ding)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)M36一(yi)律用(yong)螺(luo)距(ju)為3mm的細(xi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。化(hua)工(gong)行業標準規定(ding)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)直(zhi)徑(jing) M10~M27時(shi),采(cai)用(yong)粗牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen);M30~M45時(shi),采(cai)用(yong)細(xi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。《工(gong)業金屬管(guan)道(dao)設計規范》(GB50316)規定(ding)法蘭連接用(yong)緊(jin)固(gu)件(jian)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的螺(luo)距(ju)不(bu)宜大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)3mm,直(zhi)徑(jing)M30以(yi)上的緊(jin)固(gu)件(jian)可采(cai)用(yong)細(xi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。