鋼管(guan)(guan)在(zai)海洋(yang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中應用非(fei)常(chang)普(pu)遍,大體可分(fen)為三類:功能系(xi)統用鋼管(guan)(guan);工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結構用鋼管(guan)(guan);特殊用途鋼管(guan)(guan)。海洋(yang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)鋼管(guan)(guan)設計與選(xuan)用,都(dou)是按船級(ji)社的海洋(yang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)鋼結構規(gui)范(fan),并參照API、AISC、ASTM、AWS、NACE等(deng)規(gui)范(fan)和準則(ze)。


1. 功能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)用管(包括常規系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)專用系(xi)統(tong)(tong))


   為了保證海洋結構(gou)物功能的(de)(de)實現,既有(you)(you)常(chang)規(gui)(gui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),又有(you)(you)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鋼管。常(chang)規(gui)(gui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)主要有(you)(you):艙底水(shui)(shui)、壓載、疏排水(shui)(shui)、生活污水(shui)(shui)、空氣(qi)(qi)、測量、注入、生活用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)、消防、貨油(you)、掃艙、透氣(qi)(qi)、惰(duo)氣(qi)(qi)、加(jia)熱(re)、冼艙、泡沫滅火(huo)、灑水(shui)(shui)、蒸發(fa)氣(qi)(qi)、液(ye)位遙測、閥門(men)遙控(kong)等系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)特(te)種用(yong)(yong)途的(de)(de)。如運輸液(ye)化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(LPG)、液(ye)化天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(LNG)等船的(de)(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong);“海洋工程”的(de)(de)特(te)殊的(de)(de)鉆采設備、原油(you)處理(li)/液(ye)化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)/液(ye)化天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)處理(li)(流程)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、特(te)殊的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)泊(bo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、火(huo)炬系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)等。


   目前國內鋼管行業還未有將這類用(yong)管納入海洋工程用(yong)管中,本文也不(bu)作進一步的論(lun)述。


2. 工程結(jie)構用管


“海(hai)(hai)洋工程(cheng)”除了功能(neng)系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)“鋼(gang)管(guan)”外,還有許多構(gou)造(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)大量采用(yong)的(de)(de)“鋼(gang)管(guan)”。如(ru):導(dao)管(guan)架、水(shui)下(xia)鋼(gang)樁(zhuang)、隔(ge)水(shui)套(tao)(tao)管(guan)、系泊支架、直升機平臺、火(huo)炬塔架等。這類“鋼(gang)管(guan)”的(de)(de)特點:規(gui)格(ge)多、材(cai)質(zhi)高、比較(jiao)雜,有同(tong)徑(jing)、異(yi)徑(jing),不同(tong)壁厚,還有大量的(de)(de)Y、K、T型的(de)(de)管(guan)節點。如(ru)導(dao)管(guan)架、鋼(gang)樁(zhuang)、井(jing)口(kou)隔(ge)水(shui)套(tao)(tao)等,多為大直徑(jing)尺寸的(de)(de)“鋼(gang)管(guan)”,一般都是(shi)用(yong)鋼(gang)板(ban)卷制(zhi)而成(cheng)(cheng)。它們的(de)(de)材(cai)質(zhi)為E36-Z35,D36-Z35,E36,D36。這類鋼(gang)管(guan)制(zhi)造(zao)所(suo)采用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準主要是(shi)《船舶及(ji)海(hai)(hai)洋工程(cheng)用(yong)結(jie)構(gou)鋼(gang)》(GB 712-2011)和《結(jie)構(gou)鋼(gang)管(guan)制(zhi)造(zao)規(gui)范》(SY/T 10002-2000)(國家海(hai)(hai)洋石油天然氣行業標(biao)(biao)準)。《船舶及(ji)海(hai)(hai)洋工程(cheng)用(yong)結(jie)構(gou)鋼(gang)》(GB 712-2011)是(shi)在原《船體(ti)結(jie)構(gou)用(yong)鋼(gang)》(GB 712-2000)的(de)(de)基礎上進行修訂,成(cheng)(cheng)為我(wo)國首個海(hai)(hai)洋平臺用(yong)鋼(gang)國家標(biao)(biao)準。


   由于我國沒有(you)(you)專(zhuan)門海(hai)洋結構管(guan)(guan)制造(zao)企業(ye)。所以,通(tong)常都是(shi)由海(hai)洋平臺建(jian)(jian)造(zao)單位購置鋼(gang)板后,自行加(jia)工成(cheng)型。近十多年來。國內鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)企業(ye)建(jian)(jian)設了一大(da)批現代化的(de)大(da)型鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)生產(chan)(chan)線(包括無縫、焊管(guan)(guan)),可以生產(chan)(chan)部分(fen)大(da)直徑結構用(yong)管(guan)(guan),但還有(you)(you)部分(fen)更大(da)規格仍需要采用(yong)輥式彎管(guan)(guan)機來生產(chan)(chan)。


3. 特殊用途鋼管(guan)


   特殊(shu)用途(tu)管(guan)一般是指特定工(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境和工(gong)作(zuo)介質下使用的特種鋼管(guan)。目前鋼管(guan)行業將海底管(guan)線(xian)管(guan)列入(ru)海洋(yang)工(gong)程用管(guan)中(zhong)。


   海(hai)(hai)底管(guan)(guan)線(xian)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)陸地(di)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)不同,由于海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)(yang)環(huan)境惡劣(lie),其工(gong)作環(huan)境長期受到海(hai)(hai)水(shui)壓(ya)力與(yu)(yu)(yu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕、波浪與(yu)(yu)(yu)洋(yang)(yang)流的(de)沖刷與(yu)(yu)(yu)振(zhen)動、海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)(yang)浮游生物的(de)潛(qian)在破壞(huai)、水(shui)上(shang)交通物的(de)機械破壞(huai)等,近年來,隨著海(hai)(hai)上(shang)油氣(qi)田向著深水(shui)、極地(di)的(de)開發,面(mian)對惡劣(lie)的(de)海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)(yang)服役環(huan)境,對海(hai)(hai)底管(guan)(guan)線(xian)提出了比(bi)陸地(di)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)更高(gao)(gao)的(de)質量(liang)要(yao)求,如:高(gao)(gao)鋼(gang)級、大(da)厚壁、各向同性(xing)、低(di)屈強比(bi)、低(di)溫下的(de)高(gao)(gao)韌性(xing)、高(gao)(gao)止(zhi)裂(lie)性(xing)、良(liang)好焊(han)接性(xing)、抗(kang)大(da)應變性(xing)能及抗(kang)酸性(xing)介質腐(fu)(fu)蝕等性(xing)能。在目前國際上(shang)普遍執行的(de)API標(biao)準中,管(guan)(guan)線(xian)用鋼(gang)級別(bie)涵蓋了X42-X100的(de)焊(han)接高(gao)(gao)強度鋼(gang)。


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