反(fan)應過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)基本(ben)特征(zheng)決定(ding)了(le)適宜(yi)的(de)反(fan)應器(qi)形式。例如(ru)氣固相反(fan)應過(guo)程(cheng)大致是(shi)用固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)、流化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)或移動床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)。但是(shi)適宜(yi)的(de)選型則需考慮反(fan)應的(de)熱效應、對(dui)反(fan)應轉化(hua)(hua)率和選擇率的(de)要求(qiu)、催化(hua)(hua)劑物理化(hua)(hua)學(xue)性態和失活等多種因素。

  不銹鋼(gang)反應(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)操作方(fang)式和加料(liao)(liao)方(fang)式也需考慮。例(li)如，對于(yu)有串聯或平行副反應(ying)的(de)(de)過程，分段進(jin)料(liao)(liao)可能優于(yu)一次進(jin)料(liao)(liao)。溫度(du)序(xu)列(lie)也是反應(ying)器(qi)選型的(de)(de)一個重要因素。例(li)如，對于(yu)放(fang)熱的(de)(de)可逆反應(ying)，應(ying)采用先高后低的(de)(de)溫度(du)序(xu)列(lie)，多級、級間(jian)換熱式反應(ying)器(qi)可使反應(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)溫度(du)序(xu)列(lie)趨于(yu)合理。

下面主要介紹釜式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)、管式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)、塔式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)、固(gu)定床反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)、流化床反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。

①. 釜式反應器

  釜(fu)(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器也稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器，它是(shi)各類反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器中(zhong)結構(gou)較為(wei)簡單(dan)且應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較廣(guang)的(de)(de)一種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于液-液均相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣-液、液-液非均相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)化工(gong)生產中(zhong)，既適用(yong)(yong)于間(jian)歇操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)，又可單(dan)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)或多釜(fu)(fu)(fu)串(chuan)聯用(yong)(yong)于連(lian)續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)間(jian)歇生產過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最多。釜(fu)(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器具(ju)有適用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)壓力范圍寬、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性強、操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)彈性大、連(lian)續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)濃度(du)(du)容易(yi)控制、產品質量均一等(deng)特(te)點。但用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)較高(gao)轉(zhuan)化率工(gong)藝要求時(shi)，需要較大容積。通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)條件比較緩和(he)的(de)(de)情況下使用(yong)(yong)，如常(chang)壓、溫(wen)度(du)(du)較低且低于物料沸點時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)類反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器最為(wei)普遍。

②. 管(guan)式反應器(qi)

  管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣(qi)-液相(xiang)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程，由單根（直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)或多(duo)根平(ping)行(xing)排(pai)列的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)組成(cheng)，一(yi)般(ban)設有(you)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)換熱裝置。操(cao)作(zuo)時，物料自一(yi)端連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從(cong)另一(yi)端連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)流出，便(bian)達到了要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)轉化(hua)率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)能(neng)承受(shou)較(jiao)高的(de)壓力，故用(yong)(yong)于(yu)加(jia)壓反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤(you)為合適，例如油脂或脂肪酸加(jia)氫生產(chan)高碳醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)爐(lu)便(bian)是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。此(ci)種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)具有(you)容積小(xiao)、比(bi)(bi)表(biao)面(mian)大(da)(da)、返混少、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混合物連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)性變化(hua)、易于(yu)控制等優點。但若反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較(jiao)慢時，則(ze)有(you)所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)長(chang)、壓降較(jiao)大(da)(da)等不足。隨(sui)著化(hua)工(gong)生產(chan)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)趨(qu)于(yu)大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)化(hua)、自動(dong)化(hua)，連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)在生產(chan)中使用(yong)(yong)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)，某些傳統上(shang)一(yi)直使用(yong)(yong)間歇攪拌釜的(de)高分子(zi)聚合反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開始改用(yong)(yong)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)長(chang)徑(jing)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，與釜式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)在結構上(shang)差異(yi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，有(you)直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、多(duo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等。

③. 塔式反應器

  塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的長(chang)徑比介(jie)于釜式(shi)和管式(shi)之間。主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于氣(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的有(you)鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)、填料(liao)塔(ta)(ta)、板(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)。最常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的是鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器，底部裝有(you)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布器，殼(ke)外裝有(you)夾(jia)套(tao)或(huo)(huo)其他形式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器或(huo)(huo)設有(you)擴大(da)段、液(ye)(ye)(ye)滴捕集器等(deng)。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)分(fen)布器上的小孔以(yi)鼓泡(pao)形式(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)層(ceng)進行化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)間歇或(huo)(huo)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)加入，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)加入的液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)以(yi)和氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)并流(liu)或(huo)(huo)逆流(liu)，一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)并流(liu)形式(shi)較多(duo)。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)內為(wei)分(fen)散(san)相，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)相，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)返混(hun)程(cheng)度(du)較大(da)。為(wei)了提高氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)散(san)程(cheng)度(du)和減少液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)軸向循環，可(ke)以(yi)在塔(ta)(ta)內安置水平多(duo)孔隔板(ban)。當吸收或(huo)(huo)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)熱(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)不大(da)時(shi)，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)夾(jia)套(tao)換(huan)熱(re)裝置，熱(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)較大(da)時(shi)，可(ke)在塔(ta)(ta)內增設換(huan)熱(re)蛇管或(huo)(huo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塔(ta)(ta)外換(huan)熱(re)裝置，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)液(ye)(ye)(ye)蒸發的方法(fa)帶(dai)走熱(re)量。

④. 固定床(chuang)反應器

  固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)指流體(ti)通過靜止不動的(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)物料(liao)所形成的(de)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而(er)進行化(hua)學反(fan)應的(de)設備。以(yi)氣(qi)-固(gu)(gu)(gu)反(fan)應的(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)最常(chang)見。固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數的(de)多(duo)少(shao)又可(ke)分(fen)為單(dan)段式(shi)和多(duo)段式(shi)兩種類型(xing)。單(dan)段式(shi)一般為高徑(jing)比不大的(de)圓(yuan)筒(tong)體(ti)，在圓(yuan)筒(tong)體(ti)下部裝有(you)柵板等板件，其上(shang)為催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均勻地堆置(zhi)一定(ding)厚度(du)的(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)顆(ke)粒。單(dan)段式(shi)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)結構簡單(dan)、造(zao)價便宜(yi)、反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)積利用(yong)率高。多(duo)段式(shi)是(shi)在圓(yuan)筒(tong)體(ti)反(fan)應器(qi)(qi)(qi)內設有(you)多(duo)個催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之(zhi)間可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)多(duo)種方式(shi)進行反(fan)應物料(liao)的(de)換(huan)熱。其特點是(shi)便于控制調節反(fan)應溫度(du)，防止反(fan)應溫度(du)超出(chu)允許(xu)范圍。

⑤. 流化(hua)床反(fan)應器

  細小(xiao)的(de)(de)固體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)被流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動著的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)攜帶(dai)，具有流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)一(yi)樣自由流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)性質，此種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)固體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)般(ban)(ban)把反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)和在(zai)(zai)其中呈(cheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)固體(ti)(ti)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)合(he)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，稱(cheng)為(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)多用于氣(qi)(qi)-固反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程。當原料(liao)氣(qi)(qi)通過反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)層時，催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)受氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用而(er)懸(xuan)浮起來呈(cheng)翻滾沸(fei)騰狀，原料(liao)氣(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)處(chu)于流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑表面進行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，此時的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)層即為(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)，也(ye)叫沸(fei)騰床(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)形式(shi)很多，但一(yi)般(ban)(ban)都由殼體(ti)(ti)、內部構件、固體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)裝卸設(she)備(bei)及氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)布、傳熱、氣(qi)(qi)固分(fen)(fen)離(li)裝置等(deng)構成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)可根據床(chuang)層結構分(fen)(fen)為(wei)圓筒式(shi)、圓錐式(shi)和多管(guan)式(shi)等(deng)類型(xing)。

  不(bu)同類(lei)型(xing)反(fan)應器在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業(ye)生產中(zhong)(zhong)的適用情況見(jian)表6.2。不(bu)同結(jie)構形(xing)式的反(fan)應器在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業(ye)裝置中(zhong)(zhong)的應用舉例見(jian)表6.3。