反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程的基本特(te)征(zheng)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)了(le)適宜的反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)形式。例如氣固相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程大致是(shi)用固定(ding)(ding)床反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、流(liu)化(hua)床反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)或移(yi)動床反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。但是(shi)適宜的選(xuan)型則需考慮反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的熱(re)效應(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)應(ying)(ying)轉化(hua)率(lv)和選(xuan)擇率(lv)的要求、催化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學性態和失活等多種因素。

  不銹鋼反應器的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作方式和加料方式也需考慮。例(li)如，對(dui)于有串聯或(huo)平(ping)行副反應的(de)(de)(de)過程，分(fen)段進(jin)料可(ke)能優于一次進(jin)料。溫(wen)度序(xu)(xu)列也是反應器選型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要(yao)因素。例(li)如，對(dui)于放熱的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)逆反應，應采用先(xian)高(gao)后低的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度序(xu)(xu)列，多級、級間(jian)換熱式反應器可(ke)使反應器的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度序(xu)(xu)列趨(qu)于合理。

下面主要介紹釜式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)器、管式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)器、塔式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)器、固(gu)定床反(fan)應(ying)器、流化床反(fan)應(ying)器。

①. 釜式反應(ying)器

  釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)(ye)稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類(lei)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)結構較(jiao)為簡單且應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)廣的(de)一種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)均相(xiang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣-液(ye)(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)非(fei)均相(xiang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)產中(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)間歇操作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，又可單釜(fu)(fu)或多釜(fu)(fu)串聯用(yong)(yong)于(yu)連續操作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)間歇生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)多。釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有(you)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度(du)(du)和壓力(li)范(fan)圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性強(qiang)、操作(zuo)(zuo)彈性大(da)、連續操作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)溫度(du)(du)濃度(du)(du)容(rong)易(yi)控制、產品質量均一等特點(dian)。但用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)高轉化(hua)率工(gong)(gong)藝要求(qiu)時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要較(jiao)大(da)容(rong)積。通(tong)常在(zai)(zai)操作(zuo)(zuo)條件比較(jiao)緩和的(de)情(qing)況下使用(yong)(yong)，如常壓、溫度(du)(du)較(jiao)低且低于(yu)物(wu)料沸點(dian)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)此類(lei)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最(zui)為普遍。

②. 管式反(fan)應器

  管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)主要用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)、液相(xiang)(xiang)、氣(qi)(qi)-液相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應過程，由(you)單根（直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)續(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)根平行排列的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子組成，一般設有(you)(you)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)換熱裝(zhuang)置。操作時，物(wu)料自一端連(lian)續(xu)(xu)加入，在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應，從另一端連(lian)續(xu)(xu)流出，便達到了(le)要求的(de)轉化(hua)率。由(you)于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)能承受(shou)較(jiao)高的(de)壓(ya)力，故用(yong)于(yu)加壓(ya)反(fan)(fan)應尤為合(he)適，例如油脂(zhi)或(huo)(huo)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)加氫生(sheng)產高碳(tan)醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)應用(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)爐(lu)便是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)。此(ci)種反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)具有(you)(you)容積小、比表面(mian)大(da)(da)、返(fan)混少、反(fan)(fan)應混合(he)物(wu)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)性變化(hua)、易于(yu)控制(zhi)等(deng)優(you)點。但若(ruo)反(fan)(fan)應速度(du)較(jiao)慢時，則有(you)(you)所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子長(chang)、壓(ya)降較(jiao)大(da)(da)等(deng)不(bu)足(zu)。隨著(zhu)化(hua)工生(sheng)產越來越趨于(yu)大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)續(xu)(xu)化(hua)、自動(dong)化(hua)，連(lian)續(xu)(xu)操作的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)在生(sheng)產中(zhong)使用(yong)越來越多(duo)(duo)，某些傳統上(shang)一直使用(yong)間歇攪拌釜的(de)高分子聚(ju)合(he)反(fan)(fan)應，目前(qian)也開始改用(yong)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)操作的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)的(de)長(chang)徑比較(jiao)大(da)(da)，與(yu)釜式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)比在結構上(shang)差異較(jiao)大(da)(da)，有(you)(you)直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)。

③. 塔式反應器

  塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)的(de)長徑比介于釜式和管式之(zhi)間。主(zhu)要(yao)用于氣(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，常(chang)用的(de)有(you)鼓泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填(tian)料(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最常(chang)用的(de)是鼓泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)，底部裝有(you)氣(qi)體分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)，殼外裝有(you)夾套或其(qi)他形式換(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)或設(she)有(you)擴大段(duan)、液(ye)滴捕集器(qi)等。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)氣(qi)體通過分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)上的(de)小孔以鼓泡形式通過液(ye)層進(jin)行化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，液(ye)體間歇或連續(xu)加入，連續(xu)加入的(de)液(ye)體可(ke)(ke)以和氣(qi)體并(bing)流或逆流，一般采用并(bing)流形式較(jiao)多。氣(qi)體在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)為(wei)分(fen)散(san)相(xiang)，液(ye)體為(wei)連續(xu)相(xiang)，液(ye)體返混程(cheng)(cheng)度較(jiao)大。為(wei)了提高(gao)氣(qi)體分(fen)散(san)程(cheng)(cheng)度和減少液(ye)體軸向循(xun)環，可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)安置水(shui)平多孔隔板。當吸收(shou)或反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過程(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)效應(ying)不(bu)大時，可(ke)(ke)采用夾套換(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置，熱(re)(re)效應(ying)較(jiao)大時，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)增設(she)換(huan)熱(re)(re)蛇管或采用塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外換(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置，也可(ke)(ke)以利用反(fan)(fan)應(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)量。

④. 固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)反應器

  固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)指流(liu)體(ti)通過靜止不動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)物(wu)料(liao)所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而進(jin)行化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)。以氣-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)最常(chang)見。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)根(gen)據床(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少又可(ke)分(fen)為單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種類型(xing)。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)(shi)一般為高徑(jing)比(bi)不大(da)的(de)(de)(de)圓筒體(ti)，在圓筒體(ti)下(xia)部裝有(you)柵板等板件，其上為催化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均(jun)勻地堆置一定(ding)(ding)厚度的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)劑(ji)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)顆粒(li)。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)結構簡單(dan)、造(zao)價(jia)便宜(yi)、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)體(ti)積(ji)利(li)用(yong)率(lv)高。多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)在圓筒體(ti)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)內設有(you)多(duo)個催化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在各床(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之間可(ke)采用(yong)多(duo)種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)熱。其特點是(shi)便于控制調(diao)節反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)溫度，防止反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)溫度超(chao)出(chu)允許范圍。

⑤. 流化床反(fan)應器

  細小的(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)被流(liu)動著的(de)(de)流(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)攜帶，具有流(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)一樣(yang)自由流(liu)動的(de)(de)性質，此種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)。一般(ban)把反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)和在其中(zhong)呈流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆粒(li)合在一起(qi)，稱(cheng)為(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)多用于氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程。當(dang)原(yuan)料氣通過反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床層(ceng)時(shi)，催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆粒(li)受氣流(liu)作用而懸浮起(qi)來(lai)呈翻滾(gun)沸騰狀，原(yuan)料氣在處于流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)表面進行(xing)化(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，此時(shi)的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床層(ceng)即為(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床，也叫沸騰床。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)形式很多，但一般(ban)都由殼體(ti)(ti)(ti)、內(nei)部(bu)構件、固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)裝(zhuang)卸設備及氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)分布、傳熱、氣固(gu)分離裝(zhuang)置等構成。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也可根據(ju)床層(ceng)結構分為(wei)圓筒式、圓錐式和多管式等類型。

  不同(tong)類(lei)型反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業生(sheng)產中(zhong)的適用情況見(jian)表(biao)6.2。不同(tong)結構形式的反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業裝置中(zhong)的應(ying)(ying)用舉(ju)例見(jian)表(biao)6.3。