反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程的(de)基本特征決定了適宜的(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器形式。例如氣固相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程大致是(shi)用(yong)固定床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器或移動(dong)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器。但是(shi)適宜的(de)選型則(ze)需考慮反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)熱效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化(hua)率和選擇率的(de)要求、催化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學(xue)性態(tai)和失活等多種因素(su)。
不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)反應(ying)器(qi)的操作方式(shi)和加料方式(shi)也需(xu)考慮(lv)。例(li)如，對(dui)于(yu)有串聯或平行副反應(ying)的過程，分段(duan)進料可能優于(yu)一次(ci)進料。溫度序(xu)列(lie)也是反應(ying)器(qi)選型的一個重要因素。例(li)如，對(dui)于(yu)放(fang)熱(re)的可逆反應(ying)，應(ying)采用先高后低的溫度序(xu)列(lie)，多級(ji)、級(ji)間(jian)換熱(re)式(shi)反應(ying)器(qi)可使反應(ying)器(qi)的溫度序(xu)列(lie)趨于(yu)合理(li)。
下面主要介(jie)紹釜式反(fan)應(ying)器、管式反(fan)應(ying)器、塔式反(fan)應(ying)器、固定床反(fan)應(ying)器、流化(hua)床反(fan)應(ying)器。
①. 釜式反應器
釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)稱(cheng)槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)結(jie)構較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為簡(jian)單且(qie)(qie)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)廣的一種。主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于液-液均(jun)相反應(ying)(ying)過程，在氣-液、液-液非均(jun)相反應(ying)(ying)過程中(zhong)也(ye)有應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在化(hua)工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于間歇操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)過程，又(you)可(ke)單釜(fu)(fu)或多釜(fu)(fu)串聯用(yong)(yong)(yong)于連續操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)過程，但(dan)在間歇生(sheng)產(chan)過程中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)最多。釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的溫(wen)度和壓力(li)范圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)性強(qiang)、操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)彈(dan)性大(da)(da)、連續操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)時溫(wen)度濃度容易控制、產(chan)品質量均(jun)一等特點。但(dan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高轉(zhuan)化(hua)率工(gong)藝要(yao)求時，需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)容積(ji)。通常(chang)在操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)條件(jian)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)緩(huan)和的情(qing)況下使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如常(chang)壓、溫(wen)度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)且(qie)(qie)低(di)(di)于物料沸點時，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)此類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)最為普(pu)遍(bian)。
②. 管式反應器
管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)氣相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣-液相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程，由單根（直(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)根平行(xing)排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)組(zu)成，一(yi)般設有(you)(you)套管(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)式(shi)換熱裝(zhuang)置。操作(zuo)時，物(wu)料自一(yi)端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另(ling)一(yi)端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)流出(chu)，便(bian)達到(dao)了要求的(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)率(lv)。由于(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)能承受較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力，故用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)加(jia)壓(ya)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤(you)為合適，例(li)如油脂(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)加(jia)氫生(sheng)產高(gao)(gao)碳(tan)醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐(lu)便(bian)是管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有(you)(you)容積小、比表(biao)面大、返混(hun)少(shao)、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混(hun)合物(wu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)性變化(hua)(hua)(hua)、易于(yu)(yu)控制等(deng)(deng)優點。但若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較慢時，則有(you)(you)所需管(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓(ya)降較大等(deng)(deng)不足。隨著化(hua)(hua)(hua)工生(sheng)產越來越趨于(yu)(yu)大型化(hua)(hua)(hua)、連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、自動化(hua)(hua)(hua)，連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)產中使(shi)用(yong)(yong)越來越多(duo)(duo)，某些(xie)傳(chuan)統(tong)上(shang)一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)間歇攪(jiao)拌釜的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)分子(zi)聚(ju)合反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開始(shi)改用(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長徑比較大，與釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)相(xiang)比在(zai)(zai)結構上(shang)差異較大，有(you)(you)直(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)等(deng)(deng)。
③. 塔(ta)式反應器
塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)徑比(bi)介于釜(fu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)(shi)之間。主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于氣-液(ye)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板(ban)式(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最(zui)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，底(di)部裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有氣體(ti)分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，殼外(wai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有夾套或其他(ta)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)換熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或設有擴大段、液(ye)滴捕集(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)氣體(ti)通(tong)過分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)以(yi)(yi)鼓泡(pao)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過液(ye)層(ceng)進行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)間歇或連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)可以(yi)(yi)和(he)氣體(ti)并(bing)流(liu)或逆流(liu)，一般采用(yong)并(bing)流(liu)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)多(duo)。氣體(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內為(wei)分(fen)散(san)相，液(ye)體(ti)為(wei)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)相，液(ye)體(ti)返混程度(du)較(jiao)大。為(wei)了提高氣體(ti)分(fen)散(san)程度(du)和(he)減少液(ye)體(ti)軸向(xiang)循(xun)環，可以(yi)(yi)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內安置(zhi)水平多(duo)孔(kong)隔板(ban)。當吸收或反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過程熱(re)(re)效應(ying)不(bu)大時(shi)，可采用(yong)夾套換熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，熱(re)(re)效應(ying)較(jiao)大時(shi)，可在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內增設換熱(re)(re)蛇管或采用(yong)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外(wai)換熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，也可以(yi)(yi)利用(yong)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)(de)(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)量。
④. 固(gu)定床反應器(qi)
固(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)是(shi)指流體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通過靜止(zhi)不(bu)動的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)物(wu)料所形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層而進行化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設備。以氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)最常見。固(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)多少又(you)可分為(wei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)和多段(duan)(duan)式(shi)兩種類(lei)型。單(dan)(dan)(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)一般為(wei)高徑比不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)圓筒(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，在(zai)圓筒(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)下(xia)部裝有柵板等板件，其上為(wei)催(cui)化劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層，均(jun)勻地堆置一定厚度的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)化劑(ji)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)粒。單(dan)(dan)(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)固(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)結構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)、造價便(bian)宜、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積利用(yong)率(lv)高。多段(duan)(duan)式(shi)是(shi)在(zai)圓筒(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)內設有多個(ge)催(cui)化劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層之間可采用(yong)多種方式(shi)進行反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)物(wu)料的(de)(de)(de)換熱。其特(te)點是(shi)便(bian)于控(kong)制調節反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)度，防止(zhi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)度超(chao)出允許范圍(wei)。
⑤. 流(liu)化床反應器
細小(xiao)的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)被流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動著的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)攜(xie)帶(dai)，具有流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)一樣自由流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)性(xing)質，此種現(xian)象稱為固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)。一般把(ba)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器和(he)在(zai)其(qi)中呈流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)合在(zai)一起，稱為流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器多(duo)用于氣-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程。當原(yuan)料(liao)氣通過反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)時，催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)受氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用而(er)懸(xuan)浮起來呈翻滾沸(fei)騰狀，原(yuan)料(liao)氣在(zai)處于流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)表面進(jin)行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，此時的(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)即為流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)，也(ye)叫沸(fei)騰床(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)很(hen)多(duo)，但一般都由殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)、內部構(gou)件(jian)、固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)裝卸設備及(ji)氣體(ti)(ti)分布(bu)、傳熱、氣固(gu)(gu)分離裝置等(deng)構(gou)成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器也(ye)可根據床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結構(gou)分為圓(yuan)筒式(shi)(shi)、圓(yuan)錐式(shi)(shi)和(he)多(duo)管式(shi)(shi)等(deng)類型。
不(bu)同(tong)類型反應器在工(gong)業生(sheng)產中(zhong)(zhong)的適用(yong)情況見表(biao)6.2。不(bu)同(tong)結(jie)構形式(shi)的反應器在工(gong)業裝置中(zhong)(zhong)的應用(yong)舉(ju)例見表(biao)6.3。
