不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)管(guan)道分支處補強方式(shi)的(de)選(xuan)擇,一般(ban)是通(tong)過(guo)定性分析和定量計算(suan)相結合的(de)方式(shi)來確(que)定。定量計算(suan)的(de)詳細講述見本(ben)書第三章(zhang)中(zhong)支管(guan)連接形式(shi)的(de)選(xuan)用(yong)與強度計算(suan)工程應用(yong)。
1. 分支(zhi)(zhi)管連接方式的選(xuan)用(yong),主要根據管道的設計(ji)溫度、設計(ji)壓力、腐(fu)蝕余量等設計(ji)條件確定。分支(zhi)(zhi)的方法基(ji)本為兩種,對(dui)于低壓大(da)直徑管則直接把分支(zhi)(zhi)管焊于主管上(shang);其他多數是利(li)用(yong)分支(zhi)(zhi)管件進行分支(zhi)(zhi)。
①. 當(dang)從主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)引出支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)與主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)比值(zhi)大(da)(da)于(yu)等于(yu)0.5時,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)異徑(jing)(jing)(jing)三通或等徑(jing)(jing)(jing)三通;當(dang)主(zhu)(zhu)支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)等徑(jing)(jing)(jing)時,應采(cai)(cai)用(yong)三通。GB 50316規定:公稱壓(ya)力大(da)(da)于(yu)或等于(yu)10MPa的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道,主(zhu)(zhu)支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)異徑(jing)(jing)(jing)時,不宜采(cai)(cai)用(yong)焊(han)(han)接支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),宜采(cai)(cai)用(yong)三通或在主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上開孔(kong)并焊(han)(han)接支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)臺。當(dang)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大(da)(da)于(yu)DN65而支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)DN40和以(yi)下時,根據設計壓(ya)力的(de)大(da)(da)小,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)臺或半(ban)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)接頭。
有(you)的(de)規范規定,一(yi)般主(zhu)管尺寸(cun)的(de)一(yi)半(ban)并(bing)降低兩個尺寸(cun)系列,就(jiu)沒有(you)三(san)通可(ke)供使用(yong)了(le),如主(zhu)管為12”,標準三(san)通一(yi)般可(ke)做(zuo)到5"(不常用(yong)的(de)口徑),再低就(jiu)沒有(you)三(san)通可(ke)供選用(yong)了(le)。
②. 普通無腐蝕(shi)性的(de)低(di)(di)溫介質(如LNG),在(zai)中(zhong)、低(di)(di)壓(ya)條件下(一(yi)般(ban)不大于(yu)9MPa),小尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)分支(≤2”),選用(yong)半管接頭(tou)(half coupling),在(zai)高壓(ya)條件下(一(yi)般(ban)大于(yu)9MPa),小尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)分支(≤2")選用(yong)對焊支管座(zuo)(weldolet)。
③. 普(pu)通(tong)無腐蝕(shi)性的(de)低(di)溫介質(如LNG),在(zai)中、低(di)壓(ya)條(tiao)件下(xia)(一般<6MPa),大尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)分支(>2”),選用補強板連接(jie)(reinforcing pad);在(zai)高壓(ya)條(tiao)件下(xia)(一般大于6MPa),大尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)分支(>2”)選用對焊支管座(Weldolet)。
④. 等級表(biao)中低溫(wen)管道的分支(zhi)形式主要包(bao)括(kuo)標準三通、半管接(jie)頭、對(dui)焊支(zhi)管座、補(bu)強板連接(jie)、直接(jie)開口(kou)(較少(shao))等形式。
⑤. 其他工況支管連接方(fang)式的選用:
a. 主管(guan)直徑(jing)小于DN50時,支(zhi)管(guan)小于主管(guan),則用異徑(jing)三(san)通或等徑(jing)三(san)通加異徑(jing)短(duan)管(guan)。
b. 設計壓(ya)力(li)等于或(huo)大(da)于2.0MPa、設計溫度超(chao)過(guo)250℃以及支(zhi)管與(yu)主管公稱直徑(jing)(jing)之比大(da)于0.8,或(huo)承受機械振動、壓(ya)力(li)脈動和溫度急劇變化的管道分(fen)支(zhi),應(ying)(ying)采用等徑(jing)(jing)異徑(jing)(jing)三通(tong)(tong);公稱直徑(jing)(jing)小于或(huo)等于40mm的管道,應(ying)(ying)采用承插焊(或(huo)螺紋)鍛制三通(tong)(tong);公稱直徑(jing)(jing)等于或(huo)大(da)于50mm的管道,應(ying)(ying)采用對(dui)焊三通(tong)(tong)、對(dui)焊加強管接頭(tou)(對(dui)焊支(zhi)管臺)或(huo)嵌入式(鞍形)支(zhi)管接頭(tou)。
c. 支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)通過加強管(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭(支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)臺)與主管(guan)(guan)連接(jie)是指將一個螺(luo)紋、承(cheng)插(cha)焊(han)或(huo)對焊(han)的(de)管(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭或(huo)半管(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭(支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)臺)直接(jie)焊(han)于主管(guan)(guan)上而制成(cheng),螺(luo)紋、承(cheng)插(cha)焊(han)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)臺用于直徑≤DN40(NPS1 1/2)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)連接(jie)。螺(luo)紋、承(cheng)插(cha)焊(han)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)臺在(zai)任(ren)何情況下其額定(ding)等級(ji)應(ying)大于等于2000lb。
d. 其(qi)他支管(guan)(guan)連(lian)接(jie)可用(yong)直接(jie)焊接(jie),但(dan)必須經校(xiao)核后明確是否增(zeng)加(jia)補強。直接(jie)焊接(jie)在(zai)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)上的支管(guan)(guan)連(lian)接(jie),不宜用(yong)于有(you)機械振動(dong)、壓力(li)(li)脈(mo)動(dong)和(he)溫度(du)急劇變(bian)(bian)化的部位及設(she)計溫度(du)超過425℃的管(guan)(guan)道(dao),當支管(guan)(guan)連(lian)接(jie)處(chu)承受由于支管(guan)(guan)熱(re)變(bian)(bian)形(xing),外(wai)荷(he)載及支架位移(yi)等引起的應力(li)(li)時(shi),應對附加(jia)荷(he)載在(zai)支管(guan)(guan)連(lian)接(jie)處(chu)產(chan)生的影響(xiang)進(jin)行分(fen)析并采取必要的加(jia)強措(cuo)施。
⑥. 依據管道等(deng)級中已(yi)經確定的法蘭壓(ya)力(li)等(deng)級或公(gong)稱壓(ya)力(li)來選用支管連接件(jian)。
一般,當(dang)法蘭的(de)公(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)壓(ya)力(li)公(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)壓(ya)力(li)≤2.5MPa(磅(bang)級系列≤150lb)時(shi),綜(zong)合(he)考慮其他工況后,支管可(ke)直接(jie)焊接(jie)在(zai)主管上;當(dang)公(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)壓(ya)力(li)≥4.0MPa(磅(bang)級系列公(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)壓(ya)力(li)≥300lb)時(shi),則根據主管支管公(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)直徑的(de)不同(tong)按(an)對焊三通、對焊加強管接(jie)頭、承插(cha)焊或(huo)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)連接(jie)三通、承插(cha)焊或(huo)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)加強管接(jie)頭的(de)順序選用。
2. 管件壁厚
在確定支管(guan)(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號時,應根據(ju)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)等強(qiang)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則以及管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)方式而定。例如(ru),當(dang)(dang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)采用對(dui)焊(han)(han)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)時,管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號應一致;而當(dang)(dang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)采用承插(cha)焊(han)(han)或(huo)螺(luo)(luo)紋連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)時,標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)承插(cha)焊(han)(han)和螺(luo)(luo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號只有Sch80、Sch60、XXS,最低的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號就是Sch80,也就是說只要當(dang)(dang)承插(cha)焊(han)(han)或(huo)螺(luo)(luo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)所(suo)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號不(bu)大于Sch80時,承插(cha)焊(han)(han)或(huo)螺(luo)(luo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號就選(xuan)Sch80。而當(dang)(dang)所(suo)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號大于Sch80時,承插(cha)焊(han)(han)或(huo)螺(luo)(luo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)表號就選(xuan)Sch60或(huo)XXS。
當對焊三(san)通(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)、支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)所連接的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)號不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時,應注(zhu)意三(san)通(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)、支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)端部的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)號應分別與其所連接的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)號相同(tong),這(zhe)樣就非(fei)常方(fang)便(bian)管(guan)(guan)道施工(gong),管(guan)(guan)件不(bu)(bu)必(bi)現場再打坡口。
3. 支(zhi)管(guan)直接焊于主(zhu)管(guan)的(de)補強計算
GB/T 20801、SH/T 3059、GB 50316 等規范(fan)與ASME B31.3關于(yu)面積補強法的計算基本相同。
4. 分支管(guan)(guan)與(yu)主管(guan)(guan)連接的管(guan)(guan)件(jian)選擇參見(jian)表(biao)4.6.8。