1. 原油常減壓蒸餾裝置工藝流(liu)程(cheng)簡介
石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)煉制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)是(shi)(shi)國民(min)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)支柱產(chan)業(ye),其產(chan)品被廣泛用于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)、農業(ye)、及交(jiao)通(tong)運輸和國防(fang)建設等領域。催化裂化(FCC)作為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)煉制企業(ye)的(de)(de)主要(yao)生產(chan)裝置,在(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中占有相(xiang)當(dang)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)地位,是(shi)(shi)實現原(yuan)油(you)深(shen)度加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、提高輕質油(you)收率、品質和經(jing)濟效益的(de)(de)有效途徑(jing),催化裂化使原(yuan)油(you)二次加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程,是(shi)(shi)液化石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)氣、汽油(you)、煤(mei)油(you)和采油(you)、柴油(you)的(de)(de)主
要生產手(shou)段,在煉油(you)(you)廠中站有舉足輕重(zhong)的地位。傳統原(yuan)料采用原(yuan)油(you)(you)蒸餾(liu)所得到的重(zhong)質餾(liu)分油(you)(you),主要是(shi)直(zhi)餾(liu)減壓(ya)餾(liu)分油(you)(you)(VGO),也包括焦化重(zhong)餾(liu)分油(you)(you)(CGO)。近二十(shi)年一些重(zhong)質油(you)(you)或渣油(you)(you)也作為催(cui)化裂化的原(yuan)料,例如減壓(ya)渣油(you)(you)、溶劑脫瀝青油(you)(you)、加氫處(chu)理(li)的重(zhong)油(you)(you)等。
催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)工藝原理是:反(fan)應(ying)物(wu)(蠟油(you)(you)(you)、脫(tuo)瀝青油(you)(you)(you)、渣油(you)(you)(you))在(zai)(zai)(zai)500℃左右、0.2~0.4MPa及(ji)與催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)接觸的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下發生(sheng)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、異構化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、環化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、芳化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、脫(tuo)氫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等諸多(duo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying),反(fan)應(ying)物(wu)為汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)、輕柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)、重柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you),副產(chan)物(wu)為干(gan)氣、焦(jiao)炭、油(you)(you)(you)漿等。催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)理論(lun)上在(zai)(zai)(zai)反(fan)應(ying)過程(cheng)中不損耗(hao),而是引導裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)生(sheng)成更多(duo)所需的(de)(de)高辛烷值烴產(chan)品(pin)。催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)相當(dang)的(de)(de)靈活(huo)性,允許制造車用和航空汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)以及(ji)粗柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來滿(man)足(zu)燃油(you)(you)(you)市場的(de)(de)主要部(bu)分(fen)被轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)和低沸點產(chan)品(pin),通(tong)常這是一個(ge)單程(cheng)操作(zuo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)中,所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)焦(jiao)炭被沉(chen)積在(zai)(zai)(zai)催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)上,它明顯地減少了(le)催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)活(huo)性,所以除去(qu)沉(chen)積物(wu)是非常必要的(de)(de),通(tong)常是通(tong)過燃燒(shao)方(fang)式使(shi)催(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)再生(sheng)來重新恢復其活(huo)性。
催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)采用哪種(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術是(shi)由需要多生產(chan)哪種(zhong)產(chan)品確定(ding)的(de)(de),催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)“家族工(gong)藝(yi)”包括多產(chan)汽(qi)油和(he)液化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氣的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(MGG、ARGG)、提高輕質油和(he)柴(chai)油產(chan)率的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(TSRFCC),降低烯(xi)烴(jing)含量的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(SR20、MIP、MGD)、多產(chan)丙烯(xi)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(DCC、CPP、TMP)、多產(chan)異構(gou)烯(xi)烴(jing)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(MIO)等(deng)。
典型工藝流程簡圖(tu),如圖(tu)5-134和圖(tu)5-135所(suo)示。
2. 某(mou)催化(hua)裂化(hua)裝置布置實例(圖5-136)