1. 延遲焦(jiao)化裝置工藝(yi)流程簡介

  焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程是(shi)以渣油等重(zhong)質油為原料，在(zai)高(gao)溫（500～550℃）下進(jin)行深度熱裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)熱加工(gong)(gong)過程。在(zai)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)技術發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)過程中，曾經出現過多(duo)種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)形(xing)式，其中一(yi)些已經被(bei)淘汰(tai)，目前主(zhu)要存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)形(xing)式是(shi)延遲焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、流化(hua)(hua)(hua)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和靈(ling)(ling)活焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。世(shi)界上85％以上的(de)(de)(de)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)都(dou)屬延遲焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類型(xing)，只有(you)少數國家（如美國）的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分煉油廠采用流化(hua)(hua)(hua)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和靈(ling)(ling)活焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。流化(hua)(hua)(hua)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)20世(shi)紀50年代開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝技術，與延遲焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝相比，具有(you)反(fan)應(ying)溫度高(gao)，液體收率高(gao)、焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)炭及氣(qi)體收率較低的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)。流化(hua)(hua)(hua)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)從(cong)20世(shi)紀70年代后很少建設(she)。靈(ling)(ling)活焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)在(zai)流化(hua)(hua)(hua)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)基礎上發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)，它是(shi)由渣油流化(hua)(hua)(hua)床焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)與焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)炭汽化(hua)(hua)(hua)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)合工(gong)(gong)藝過程。

  國外(wai)延遲(chi)焦化技(ji)術以(yi)美國為代表(biao)，比較成(cheng)熟的有凱洛格（KKellogg.g）公(gong)司(si)、魯姆斯（ABB Lummus Grest）公(gong)司(si)、大陸（Conoco）石油公(gong)司(si)和(he)福(fu)斯特·惠勒（Foster Wheeler）公(gong)司(si)的技(ji)術，從(cong)近幾年設計的延遲(chi)焦化裝(zhuang)置的套(tao)數(shu)、液體產品收率(lv)和(he)公(gong)用工程(cheng)消(xiao)耗等方(fang)面來看，福(fu)斯特·惠勒公(gong)司(si)的技(ji)術占有一定的優勢。

  焦(jiao)化(hua)工(gong)藝是(shi)重要的渣油熱加工(gong)過(guo)程，包括延遲焦(jiao)化(hua)、流化(hua)焦(jiao)化(hua)、靈活焦(jiao)化(hua)等(deng)多種工(gong)藝過(guo)程，如圖5-144所示。

2. 某工(gong)程延遲焦化布置實例（圖5-145）

  圖5-145 某工程(cheng)延遲焦化(hua)布置(zhi)實(shi)例