埋弧焊不銹鋼管焊接參數比焊條電弧焊多一些,包括焊接電流、電弧電壓、焊接速度、焊接材料、焊絲直徑、焊絲偏移量、焊絲干伸長度、焊絲輸送速度等。


①. 焊接電(dian)流


   焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)直接(jie)影(ying)響焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)的(de)(de)深(shen)淺,焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)流大(da),熱(re)輸入大(da)、電(dian)(dian)弧挺度(du)大(da),焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)深(shen);反之則淺。當焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)流較大(da)時(shi),由于熔(rong)(rong)深(shen)較深(shen),而焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)寬度(du)變化不(bu)大(da),所得到的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)成(cheng)形(xing)系數(焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)寬度(du)與(yu)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)有效厚度(du)的(de)(de)比值稱為焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)成(cheng)形(xing)系數)較小(xiao)。這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng),對熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)中氣體(ti)和夾(jia)渣物的(de)(de)上浮和溢(yi)出十分不(bu)利,易產生氣孔、夾(jia)渣和熱(re)裂紋(wen)(wen)。所以(yi)一(yi)般增加電(dian)(dian)流時(shi),必須相應的(de)(de)提高電(dian)(dian)弧電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)得到合理的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)形(xing)狀,一(yi)般焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)(feng)成(cheng)形(xing)系數控制在1.3~2.0之間,這(zhe)樣(yang)對熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)中的(de)(de)氣體(ti)溢(yi)出以(yi)及防止產生夾(jia)渣或(huo)熱(re)裂紋(wen)(wen)等缺陷有利。


②. 電(dian)弧電(dian)壓


   電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)長(chang)度(du)的(de)變化而變化,電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)拉(la)長(chang)了(le),電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)則升高(gao)(gao),電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)挺度(du)下降,母材受(shou)熱(re)面增(zeng)加,所以(yi)焊(han)(han)接熔池(chi)的(de)深度(du)減小,焊(han)(han)縫(feng)寬度(du)明顯(xian)增(zeng)寬。適當的(de)增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),會(hui)(hui)提高(gao)(gao)焊(han)(han)縫(feng)質量(liang),但應(ying)與增(zeng)加焊(han)(han)接電(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)配合。單純地增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),會(hui)(hui)使熔深減小,造(zao)成焊(han)(han)件未焊(han)(han)透。而且焊(han)(han)劑的(de)熔化量(liang)大,增(zeng)加焊(han)(han)劑的(de)消耗量(liang)。焊(han)(han)縫(feng)表面粗糙,脫(tuo)渣困(kun)難(nan),嚴重(zhong)時,會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成焊(han)(han)縫(feng)邊緣咬(yao)邊。


③. 焊接速度


   當焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)流和電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓不變時,焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)速(su)度提高,電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)給予焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)熔池中單(dan)位長度的(de)熱量勢必減少,導(dao)致焊(han)縫熔深和焊(han)縫寬度減小。過(guo)分的(de)增加焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)速(su)度,會(hui)導(dao)致焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)對(dui)工件的(de)加熱不足,造成焊(han)件未焊(han)透和邊緣未熔合等(deng)缺陷。


④. 焊(han)接材(cai)料


   a. 壓力(li)容器常用(yong)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼埋(mai)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)焊(han)(han)絲、焊(han)(han)劑(ji)見表(biao)(biao)4-14,常用(yong)奧(ao)氏(shi)體型耐熱(re)鋼埋(mai)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)焊(han)(han)劑(ji)與(yu)焊(han)(han)絲見表(biao)(biao)4-15,結構件常用(yong)奧(ao)氏(shi)體不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼埋(mai)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)焊(han)(han)劑(ji)與(yu)焊(han)(han)絲見表(biao)(biao)4-16。


    b.  常用不銹鋼埋弧焊用焊劑烘焙要求(qiu)見(jian)表(biao) 4-17 。


   c. 焊(han)(han)劑(ji)顆粒度。熔(rong)煉焊(han)(han)劑(ji)顆粒度為2.5~0.45mm(4~40目),燒結焊(han)(han)劑(ji)顆粒度為2~0.28mm(10~60目),焊(han)(han)劑(ji)允許重復使用(yong),但(dan)重復使用(yong)前須篩出細粉和渣(zha)殼,并與(yu)新(xin)焊(han)(han)劑(ji)混勻(yun)后使用(yong)。





 ⑤. 焊(han)絲(si)直徑(jing)


   焊絲直徑加粗,電弧(hu)范圍擴大,使熔(rong)寬增加;如果焊接電流(liu)保持不變,電流(liu)密(mi)度減小,電弧(hu)挺度下降,則熔(rong)深將相應地減小。


 ⑥. 焊(han)絲偏移量a


    焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)環(huan)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi),焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)不應在最(zui)高(gao)點(dian)或(huo)最(zui)低點(dian),而應在下坡焊(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)上,如(ru)圖4-19所示。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)直(zhi)接(jie)影響焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)成形(xing),見圖4-18。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與焊(han)(han)(han)(han)件(jian)外(wai)徑(jing)和焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)線(xian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有關。當(dang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)線(xian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi),熔(rong)池(chi)停(ting)留時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)長,所以(yi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可(ke)選較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)值。當(dang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接(jie)線(xian)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),熔(rong)池(chi)停(ting)留時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)短,所以(yi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)選取(qu)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)值。當(dang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)件(jian)外(wai)徑(jing)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi),熔(rong)池(chi)中的(de)液態金屬外(wai)溢的(de)傾向較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao),此時(shi)(shi)(shi),焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可(ke)取(qu)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)值。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)直(zhi)徑(jing)小(xiao)于3mm時(shi)(shi)(shi),焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)一般(ban)不超過5~10mm,焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)直(zhi)徑(jing)大(da)于3mm時(shi)(shi)(shi),焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)見表4-18。


18.jpg


 ⑦. 焊(han)絲干伸長(chang)度L


    焊絲(si)前端到導電嘴前端的距離稱(cheng)為焊絲(si)干(gan)(gan)伸(shen)長度(du),見圖(tu)4-20。焊絲(si)干(gan)(gan)伸(shen)長度(du)L增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),焊絲(si)的預熱溫(wen)度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),焊絲(si)熔化速度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)焊絲(si)干(gan)(gan)伸(shen)長度(du)可提(ti)高生產效率,但焊絲(si)干(gan)(gan)伸(shen)長度(du)超過50mm后會出現成段爆裂(lie)現象。所(suo)以焊絲(si)干(gan)(gan)伸(shen)長度(du)一(yi)般(ban)控(kong)制在17~20mm范圍內。


 ⑧. 電流(liu)種類和電極(ji)極(ji)性


    在(zai)(zai)一(yi)般情況(kuang)下(xia),電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)陽極區的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)較陰(yin)極區的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)高,但(dan)在(zai)(zai)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)高錳高硅含氟的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑(ji)進(jin)行埋(mai)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)空間氣體(ti)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)勢增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia),這樣(yang),氣體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)后(hou)正離(li)子釋放至陰(yin)極的(de)(de)能量也(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia),使(shi)(shi)(shi)陰(yin)極的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)提(ti)高,并大于陽極的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)。因而在(zai)(zai)用(yong)含有高電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)埋(mai)弧(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)劑(ji)時(shi),若焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源為直流(liu)正接(jie),則焊(han)(han)(han)絲的(de)(de)熔化速度(du)大于焊(han)(han)(han)件的(de)(de)熔化速度(du),使(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)頭熔深(shen)減小,焊(han)(han)(han)縫余高增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。反之(zhi)用(yong)直流(liu)反接(jie)便可增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)熔深(shen)。使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)交流(liu)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源時(shi),對(dui)形狀的(de)(de)影響介(jie)于直流(liu)正接(jie)、反接(jie)之(zhi)間。


  上述(shu)各項焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)參(can)數(shu)的選擇,不能(neng)單(dan)項考(kao)慮(lv),要(yao)(yao)有(you)機(ji)地(di)匹(pi)配,進行綜合平衡(heng)分(fen)析,找出(chu)一個主要(yao)(yao)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)參(can)數(shu),在充(chong)分(fen)試(shi)驗(yan)后(hou),才能(neng)制訂出(chu)最佳參(can)數(shu)。最終(zhong)要(yao)(yao)經過焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)的力學性(xing)能(neng)考(kao)核和耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)能(neng)試(shi)驗(yan)(即焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)工藝評定(ding)合格),滿足(zu)產品設計圖樣(yang)要(yao)(yao)求后(hou),方能(neng)在產品上正式施焊(han)(han)(han)。表(biao)(biao)4-19、表(biao)(biao)4-20所(suo)列(lie)出(chu)的18-8型奧氏(shi)體不銹鋼(gang)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)參(can)數(shu)可供參(can)考(kao)。







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