浙江至德鋼業有限公司探究電化學鈍化、酸洗鈍化與自然鈍化處理工藝對核電廠不(bu)銹鋼管道耐蝕性能的影響,通過藍點試驗、鹽霧試驗、點蝕電位、縫隙腐蝕試驗模擬驗證不銹鋼表面處理后服役性能。其中以電化學鈍化工藝-溶液為0.1M硝酸,鈍化電位為0.3V,處理時間為10分鐘處理后的不銹鋼服役性能最佳。


  核(he)電廠(chang)(chang)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)道(dao)多使(shi)用奧(ao)氏體(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang),工廠(chang)(chang)階(jie)段未進(jin)行(xing)鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處理(li),工程階(jie)段現場的化(hua)學處理(li)未能保證管(guan)道(dao)的耐蝕(shi)性能。在特殊的環境中會發生多種腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi),主要包(bao)含點腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)、縫隙腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)、晶(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)、電偶(ou)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)和應(ying)力腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi),各類腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)均影響管(guan)道(dao)服役性能,危害機組安全(quan)。采用表面鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu),可在不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)表面形成致密(mi)的鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)膜,形成有效的腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)防護屏障。至德(de)鋼(gang)(gang)業對比(bi)316L奧(ao)氏體(ti)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)道(dao)電化(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)自然、酸洗(xi)鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)處理(li)后對不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)耐蝕(shi)性差異,探究處理(li)后服役性能。


一、試(shi)驗


  本文采用某核電(dian)管道用316L不銹鋼零(ling)件做鈍化(hua)(hua)試樣(yang)(yang),尺(chi)寸為50×30×12mm,其(qi)表(biao)面狀態為自然鈍化(hua)(hua)條件,酸洗鈍化(hua)(hua)條件,電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學鈍化(hua)(hua)條件。鈍化(hua)(hua)后分別加工成不同尺(chi)寸試樣(yang)(yang)進行研究(jiu)。


  1. 不銹鋼表面處理


   不(bu)(bu)銹鋼表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)粗(cu)糙度影響鈍化膜耐蝕性能,不(bu)(bu)同不(bu)(bu)銹鋼臨界點蝕溫度與表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)粗(cu)糙度有相關性。為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)加工表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)一致,本文中(zhong)將采(cai)用機械(xie)加工處(chu)理不(bu)(bu)銹鋼表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian),水(shui)洗除油后,并用砂(sha)紙拋光打磨,表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)呈光亮狀態(tai)待用。


    a. 自然鈍(dun)化


       放置于不含氯離子的空氣中若(ruo)干小時,待表面變成銀白(bai)色時取出。


    b. 酸(suan)洗鈍化(hua)


      酸(suan)(suan)洗鈍(dun)化(hua)主(zhu)要包括如下步驟:水(shui)洗—酸(suan)(suan)洗—水(shui)洗—除(chu)(chu)(chu)掛(gua)(gua)灰(hui)—水(shui)洗—鈍(dun)化(hua)—水(shui)洗—中和—水(shui)洗—干燥—除(chu)(chu)(chu)氫。(1)試樣采(cai)用浸洗的(de)方法浸洗酸(suan)(suan)洗鈍(dun)化(hua);(2)為了去除(chu)(chu)(chu)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼酸(suan)(suan)洗后殘留(liu)的(de)一層掛(gua)(gua)灰(hui),采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學除(chu)(chu)(chu)掛(gua)(gua)灰(hui)法。即用電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學除(chu)(chu)(chu)油槽,進行陽極處理(li)。陽極電(dian)(dian)流密度3~5A/dm2,時間5~10min;(3)用熱的(de)蒸餾水(shui)清洗2~3次,再用熱的(de)20%~50%硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉溶液浸洗;(4)所有316L不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼在酸(suan)(suan)洗后應(ying)在空氣循(xun)環爐內于(yu)180~200℃進行除(chu)(chu)(chu)氫處理(li)2~3h,防止氫脆(cui)。


    c. 電化學鈍化


      電(dian)化(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理的試驗過(guo)程為:水(shui)洗→電(dian)化(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)→水(shui)洗→堿液中和→水(shui)洗。不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)表面電(dian)化(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理系統由參比電(dian)極(ji)、輔(fu)助電(dian)極(ji)、工(gong)作電(dian)極(ji)構(gou)成(cheng)三(san)電(dian)極(ji)體系。其中溶(rong)液選(xuan)擇0.1M硝酸,設置不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)表面處(chu)(chu)理儀鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)電(dian)位為0.3V,鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理時間為10分鐘,并以待處(chu)(chu)理的不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)工(gong)件(jian)為工(gong)作電(dian)極(ji)自動施加適當電(dian)流,完成(cheng)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)表面的鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理。


  2. 性能檢測


     a. 藍(lan)點測試(shi)


     使用鐵氰化鉀-硝酸法測試三組鈍化方式鈍化膜質量,檢測原理是Fe2+與實驗中化學成分反應生成藍色配合物{Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2}。表面未鈍化鐵原子與檢測液生成藍色配合物。參照文獻檢測方法,30秒后,觀察不銹鋼濾紙顏色變化。


     b. 鹽霧試驗(yan)


     將氯化(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)于電導率不超過20μS/cm的(de)去離子(zi)水(shui)中,濃度為50g/L±5g/L,相當于5%的(de)氯化(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye),用酸度計測量氯化(hua)鈉(na)溶(rong)液(ye)的(de)pH值,pH值在6.5~7.2之間;將實驗(yan)放入鹽霧箱內,試(shi)驗(yan)面與垂(chui)直方向一般成20°,試(shi)驗(yan)周期(qi)為720小時(shi),持續噴(pen)霧。試(shi)驗(yan)中將腐(fu)蝕(shi)后的(de)試(shi)樣(yang)先(xian)用棉簽清洗(xi)表(biao)面的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)產物,再(zai)用超聲波(bo)清洗(xi)10分(fen)鐘,以及去離子(zi)水(shui)清洗(xi)。


     c. 不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)點蝕電位(wei)試驗


     點(dian)蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)是(shi)鈍化膜開始發生(sheng)擊(ji)穿破壞的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),是(shi)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)重要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學性能指標。陽極(ji)極(ji)化曲線的(de)測(ce)量(liang)使用動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)測(ce)量(liang)方法,采(cai)用三(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)兩回路體(ti)系,試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)介質(zhi)根據需要使用3.5%氯化鈉溶液(ye),參比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)飽和甘汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(SCE),輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)表(biao)面積(ji)4cm2的(de)貴(gui)金屬鉑片(pian)(pian),研究電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)封裝的(de)圓(yuan)形(xing)316L不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian),試(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)直徑為(wei)(wei)11.3mm(表(biao)面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)1cm2),用環氧(yang)樹脂(zhi)封裝。掃(sao)描速率為(wei)(wei)20mV/min,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)達到(dao)0.4mA/cm2時停止試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan),以陽極(ji)極(ji)化曲線上對應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)10μA/cm2的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)中最正的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)值為(wei)(wei)點(dian)蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)溫(wen)度(du)30±1℃,通過(guo)恒溫(wen)水浴鍋控制(zhi)[2]。


     d. 三氯化(hua)鐵點(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)與(yu)縫(feng)隙腐(fu)蝕(shi)試驗(yan)


     參考GB/T 17897-2016《金屬(shu)和(he)合金的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)(shi)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)三氯化(hua)(hua)鐵點腐蝕(shi)(shi)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法》,通過(guo)浸泡試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)316L不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)在(zai)三種不(bu)同鈍化(hua)(hua)條件(jian)的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)(shi)情(qing)況。參考GB/T 10127-2002《不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)三氯化(hua)(hua)鐵縫隙試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法》。試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)采用(yong)6%FeCl3溶液,試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)溫(wen)度為35±1℃,將(jiang)試(shi)(shi)樣放到溶液中的(de)(de)支(zhi)架上,連續(xu)浸泡24h取出,試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)中容(rong)器要蓋(gai)嚴,防止溶液蒸發。試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結束后(hou),清除試(shi)(shi)樣上的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)(shi)產(chan)物,清洗烘干,晾置1天(tian)后(hou),用(yong)分析(xi)天(tian)平稱量失重后(hou)的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)樣質量。


二、實驗結果以及分析


   1. 藍(lan)點法檢測成膜致密度


    三組不銹(xiu)鋼表面呈(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)勻的(de)銀白(bai)色(se),沒有明顯的(de)腐蝕痕跡,無顏色(se)不均(jun)勻的(de)斑(ban)痕。用酚(fen)酞試紙(zhi)檢(jian)查殘液的(de)pH值,呈(cheng)(cheng)中性。用3mL 65%硝酸+1g鐵(tie)氰化(hua)鉀配置成100mL檢(jian)驗試劑,將浸過試劑的(de)濾紙(zhi)貼附在(zai)鈍化(hua)區,30秒內未(wei)出現藍點,鈍化(hua)合格。


   2. 鹽霧試驗


    圖(tu)中a、b、c分(fen)別為(wei)化(hua)、酸洗(xi)鈍化(hua)、電化(hua)學鈍化(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou)進行(xing)鹽(yan)霧試(shi)驗(yan)后(hou)的(de)照片(pian)。從照片(pian)可看出,三組樣品完成(cheng)鹽(yan)霧試(shi)驗(yan)后(hou),均發生不同程(cheng)度的(de)腐蝕,其中耐(nai)鹽(yan)霧腐蝕性(xing)能最(zui)佳的(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)工藝(yi)是電化(hua)學處(chu)理(li)(li),可有(you)效地提高耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)能。


   3. 不(bu)銹鋼點蝕試驗


    通過比較316L不(bu)(bu)銹鋼在(zai)三(san)種不(bu)(bu)同鈍化(hua)條件的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)與點(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)損失(shi),分析不(bu)(bu)銹鋼的(de)(de)耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能。從表中可看(kan)出,電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學鈍化(hua)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)Ed酸洗鈍化(hua)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)Es自(zi)然鈍化(hua)的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)Ez,說明電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學鈍化(hua)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)耐(nai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能力最優。不(bu)(bu)銹鋼三(san)氯(lv)化(hua)鐵點(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),浸泡試驗測試316L電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學鈍化(hua)處理后表面腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)最少,耐(nai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能最強。


   4. 縫隙腐蝕試(shi)驗


   表為自然鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、酸(suan)洗鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、電化(hua)(hua)(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處理(li)后的縫(feng)隙(xi)腐蝕(shi)試驗后質量對比。從表中可看出,電化(hua)(hua)(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)耐(nai)(nai)縫(feng)隙(xi)腐蝕(shi)性、酸(suan)洗鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)耐(nai)(nai)縫(feng)隙(xi)腐蝕(shi)性、自然鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)耐(nai)(nai)縫(feng)隙(xi)腐蝕(shi)性,說明電化(hua)(hua)(hua)學鈍(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工藝的耐(nai)(nai)縫(feng)隙(xi)腐蝕(shi)能(neng)力最優。


三、結語


  浙江(jiang)至德鋼(gang)業有限公(gong)司通過(guo)對316L不銹鋼(gang)表面(mian)處理工(gong)藝的(de)進(jin)行研究(jiu),并(bing)比較分(fen)析了自然鈍化(hua)(hua)、酸性(xing)鈍化(hua)(hua)和(he)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)鈍化(hua)(hua)后不銹鋼(gang)的(de)表面(mian)的(de)耐腐(fu)蝕性(xing)等性(xing)能(neng),模擬不銹鋼(gang)表面(mian)處理后的(de)長期(qi)服(fu)役性(xing)能(neng);通過(guo)藍點(dian)試驗(yan)(yan)、鹽霧試驗(yan)(yan)、點(dian)蝕電(dian)位、縫隙腐(fu)蝕試驗(yan)(yan),模擬進(jin)行長期(qi)服(fu)役性(xing)能(neng)測試,最終可明確(que)工(gong)藝參數為溶液0.1M硝(xiao)酸,鈍化(hua)(hua)電(dian)位為0.3V,處理時間為10分(fen)鐘(zhong)的(de)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)處理的(de)不銹鋼(gang)管(guan)道各項性(xing)能(neng)優(you)異。