自由鍛造時,被加工金屬在上、下砧鐵之間受壓產生變形,在水平面的各個方向金屬能自由流動,故稱自由鍛造。
自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)鍛造(zao)所用(yong)設備和(he)工(gong)具(ju)通(tong)用(yong)性較大,鍛件(jian)的質(zhi)量大小不等。但是,自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)鍛件(jian)的形狀和(he)尺寸主要依(yi)靠鍛工(gong)的操作技術(shu)來保證,對鍛工(gong)的技術(shu)水平要求高,勞動強度(du)(du)大,生產率低(di),鍛件(jian)的精度(du)(du)低(di),加(jia)工(gong)余量大,且(qie)不能獲得較復雜的形狀。所以(yi)主要用(yong)于(yu)單件(jian)、小批生產以(yi)及(ji)修(xiu)配工(gong)作。對于(yu)大型鍛件(jian),自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)鍛造(zao)是唯一的生產方(fang)法(fa)。自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)鍛造(zao)有手工(gong)鍛和(he)機(ji)器鍛兩種。
手(shou)工(gong)鍛(duan)是(shi)靠人(ren)力利用(yong)砧鐵、大錘(chui)、小錘(chui)、手(shou)鉗(qian)、沖子、鑿(zao)子和(he)型(xing)錘(chui)等工(gong)具,使坯料變形制(zhi)成鍛(duan)件(jian)的加工(gong)方(fang)法。手(shou)工(gong)鍛(duan)所用(yong)的設(she)備(bei)和(he)工(gong)具簡單、投資少,但勞動強度(du)大、生產率低,適用(yong)于(yu)修理工(gong)作以及(ji)機器鍛(duan)的輔助工(gong)作。
手(shou)工(gong)(gong)鍛是由掌(zhang)鉗工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)打錘(chui)工(gong)(gong)配合(he)進行操作的。掌(zhang)鉗工(gong)(gong)左手(shou)握(wo)(wo)(wo)鉗,用(yong)以夾持(chi)、移動和(he)(he)翻轉(zhuan)工(gong)(gong)件(jian);右手(shou)握(wo)(wo)(wo)小錘(chui),用(yong)于變(bian)形量很小的鍛打和(he)(he)指(zhi)揮錘(chui)工(gong)(gong)的操作。打錘(chui)工(gong)(gong)雙手(shou)握(wo)(wo)(wo)大錘(chui),站在砧鐵的外側進行錘(chui)擊(ji)。
機(ji)器鍛是(shi)利用(yong)機(ji)器產生的(de)沖擊力(li)或壓力(li)使坯料變形的(de)加工方(fang)法(fa)。它的(de)生產率較高,但仍(reng)是(shi)自由(you)鍛造的(de)基本方(fang)法(fa)。
機(ji)器鍛(duan)造所用(yong)的設備有(you)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣錘(chui)(chui)、蒸汽(qi)錘(chui)(chui)和(he)(he)水壓機(ji)等(deng),其(qi)中以空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣錘(chui)(chui)應用(yong)最為廣泛。它有(you)壓縮(suo)汽(qi)缸(gang)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)汽(qi)缸(gang),壓縮(suo)汽(qi)缸(gang)內有(you)壓縮(suo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai),由(you)電動(dong)機(ji)經減速機(ji)構再借曲柄-連桿機(ji)構帶動(dong)而作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下(xia)運動(dong)。當壓縮(suo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)上(shang)升時,將(jiang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣壓人工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)汽(qi)缸(gang)的上(shang)部(bu),使工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)連同錘(chui)(chui)頭和(he)(he)上(shang)砧鐵下(xia)擊。當壓縮(suo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)下(xia)降(jiang)時,將(jiang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣壓人工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)汽(qi)缸(gang)的下(xia)部(bu),使工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)活(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)連同錘(chui)(chui)頭上(shang)升。

