在半球形(xing)或圓(yuan)頂形(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)壓成(cheng)型時(shi),由于(yu)坯(pi)料(liao)在沖(chong)(chong)(chong)壓過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),金屬的大部(bu)(bu)分表(biao)(biao)面(mian)是(shi)不與沖(chong)(chong)(chong)模表(biao)(biao)面(mian)相(xiang)接(jie)觸(chu)的,為此(ci)應特別注意坯(pi)料(liao)夾(jia)緊(jin)力的大小是(shi)否合適,以(yi)避免在沖(chong)(chong)(chong)壓過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)產生皺折。很明顯(xian),在沖(chong)(chong)(chong)壓開(kai)始時(shi)只(zhi)有(you)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)頭端部(bu)(bu)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu),而只(zhi)有(you)在沖(chong)(chong)(chong)頭下降(jiang)至足(zu)夠(gou)深時(shi),沖(chong)(chong)(chong)頭的整個表(biao)(biao)面(mian)才能夠(gou)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)全部(bu)(bu)接(jie)觸(chu)。
在成型時,有時可以采用(yong)小(xiao)規格的(de)(de)沖頭先(xian)進行預成型沖壓,然后再換用(yong)應采用(yong)的(de)(de)圓頂沖頭進行最終(zhong)沖壓成型,如圖4-27所示。
在圖4-27所示的真空瓶頂蓋成(cheng)型(xing)加工(gong)中(zhong),關鍵一步是半球形頂蓋大端的臺肩(jian)成(cheng)型(xing)。這個(ge)臺肩(jian)的階梯形內徑必須(xu)與真空瓶殼體精確吻(wen)合。頂蓋小端的沖孔也必須(xu)精確成(cheng)型(xing),以(yi)便(bian)與內容器的嘴部(bu)相配(pei)合。
加工瓶蓋所用的原料是寬為288.925mm、厚為1.067mm的退火06Cr19Ni10(304)型不銹鋼帶(dai)。
沖切(qie)設備是一臺帶(dai)有彈(dan)簧壓力(li)墊的單行程機(ji)械式沖壓機(ji)。從帶(dai)鋼上沖剪下直(zhi)徑為282.575mm的坯料后(hou),所(suo)剩余的邊(bian)角(jiao)料每邊(bian)寬度僅為3.175mm.
第一(yi)次沖(chong)壓(ya)是在(zai)一(yi)臺250噸往復式機械沖(chong)壓(ya)機上完成(cheng)的(de),所(suo)用的(de)沖(chong)頭直徑(jing)為82.55mm.所(suo)以(yi),此(ci)時大部(bu)分半(ban)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)蓋的(de)表(biao)面是處于自由延伸狀態(tai),見(jian)圖4-27(a)。因此(ci),這就(jiu)需要(yao)精心控(kong)(kong)制坯(pi)料(liao)的(de)壓(ya)緊力(li),以(yi)防止折(zhe)疊(die)和皺折(zhe)的(de)產生。每(mei)批鋼材(cai)的(de)坯(pi)料(liao)夾具壓(ya)力(li),必須每(mei)次對(dui)其(qi)進行(xing)精心調整,其(qi)變化范圍為0.562~0.70kg/m㎡.沖(chong)模的(de)圓(yuan)角半(ban)徑(jing)也必須嚴格加(jia)以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制,應(ying)為坯(pi)料(liao)厚(hou)度的(de)5.2倍。第一(yi)次沖(chong)壓(ya)成(cheng)型出的(de)半(ban)成(cheng)品杯形(xing)(xing)工件的(de)直徑(jing)為174.625mm,并帶有一(yi)個直徑(jing)為234.95mm的(de)凸緣。
第二次沖(chong)壓也(ye)是(shi)(shi)在250t的(de)往復式(shi)沖(chong)壓機上(shang)完成(cheng)的(de)。它所(suo)使用的(de)沖(chong)頭(tou)形狀(zhuang)與所(suo)要求的(de)工(gong)件內(nei)輪廓相(xiang)同。當沖(chong)頭(tou)壓制行進到頂點時(半球形頂蓋(gai)底部開(kai)口處的(de)臺肩也(ye)可同時成(cheng)型),見圖4-27(b).本(ben)工(gong)序(xu)采用的(de)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)段拉伸(shen)成(cheng)型,使底部呈(cheng)半圓形。臺階上(shang)方的(de)金屬有部分是(shi)(shi)用第一(yi)次沖(chong)壓所(suo)留的(de)凸緣(yuan)經再次沖(chong)壓成(cheng)型的(de)。
在(zai)(zai)第三道工(gong)(gong)序中,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)半球(qiu)形(xing)頂部沖孔工(gong)(gong)序,并在(zai)(zai)孔的(de)周圍形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內部拉伸凸(tu)緣(yuan)。這些工(gong)(gong)作是在(zai)(zai)彈(dan)簧支撐的(de)沖孔模上完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)沖切坯(pi)料(liao)時,該沖模具有足夠的(de)拉力,然后用沖頭(tou)的(de)邊緣(yuan)部位進(jin)(jin)行(xing)再次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型,見(jian)圖4-27(c).最后,沖壓成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[見(jian)圖4-27(d)]。工(gong)(gong)件的(de)兩端還需在(zai)(zai)車床上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)精加工(gong)(gong)。至(zhi)此(ci),真空瓶頂蓋的(de)半球(qiu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型就全(quan)部完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了。