冷彎成(cheng)型產(chan)品(pin)在(zai)生產(chan)加工時一定(ding)要注意產(chan)品(pin)的彈性變形和在(zai)成(cheng)型過程中形成(cheng)的張(zhang)力(li),主(zhu)要特點如下(xia):
1. 產(chan)品的(de)彈性(xing)變形
冷(leng)(leng)彎產(chan)品質(zhi)量很大(da)程度上(shang)取決于冷(leng)(leng)彎成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度。欲正確(que)調整冷(leng)(leng)彎成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)機(ji)(ji),必須要(yao)預先確(que)定金屬對(dui)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力與輥(gun)縫(feng)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化關系,即彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)情(qing)況(kuang)。成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)由工作(zuo)輥(gun)、軸(zhou)承(cheng)及軸(zhou)承(cheng)座、機(ji)(ji)架牌(pai)坊、壓(ya)下(xia)裝(zhuang)置等的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)和安裝(zhuang)間隙組成(cheng)(cheng)。研究(jiu)表明(ming),當總(zong)負(fu)載不大(da)時,軋輥(gun)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)僅占(zhan)總(zong)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)25%;而當載荷大(da)時(達200kN),成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)輥(gun)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)占(zhan)總(zong)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)70%。可見成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)是成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)部分。
生(sheng)產實際及理論(lun)計算表明(ming),對于(1~4)mm×(400~1500)mm冷(leng)彎成型機(ji),當冷(leng)彎集中載荷為200kN時,成型輥彈性變形達1.49mm.
成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)機彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)對產(chan)品質量的(de)影響(xiang)可在成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)輥孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)計中(zhong)設(she)置輥縫時(shi)加(jia)以補償。它(ta)應(ying)等于金屬料(liao)厚度(du)與彈(dan)(dan)跳間(jian)距差值。另外,冷(leng)彎(wan)生(sheng)產(chan)實踐(jian)及理(li)論(lun)研究(jiu)表(biao)明,冷(leng)彎(wan)過程中(zhong)除塑性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)外,還存在彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)和彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)共存的(de)狀況,當金屬移出孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)后,彎(wan)曲角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)要發生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化。如圖5-16(a)所(suo)示,設(she)計彎(wan)曲角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為β,移出孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)后會回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)γ角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du),因此欲得精確(que)形(xing)狀產(chan)品,成(cheng)品道次(ci)應(ying)考(kao)慮過量彎(wan)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du),以彌(mi)補回(hui)彈(dan)(dan),見(jian)圖5-16(b).實踐(jian)證(zheng)明,材料(liao)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)極限越大(da)(da),回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)就越大(da)(da),材料(liao)越厚回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)越大(da)(da),彎(wan)曲臂(bei)越長回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)越大(da)(da),彎(wan)曲角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)越多回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)也會越大(da)(da)。

此(ci)外工藝過程的不同(tong),材料彎曲(qu)時應力(li)、應變狀態不同(tong),回彈量亦不同(tong)。一般認(ren)為(wei),對(dui)于簡單斷(duan)面(mian)冷(leng)彎型(xing)(xing)鋼,由于彎折處及邊部(bu)存(cun)在拉應力(li),回彈較小,所以一般可不取過量彎角度,或者僅考慮(lv)30'~1°即(ji)可。而對(dui)于波紋型(xing)(xing)鋼,中心波要(yao)考慮(lv)向內過彎1°,邊波要(yao)大30'。
2. 機組(zu)張(zhang)力(li)
在冷彎成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)機組(zu)上,帶鋼(gang)前進(jin)的(de)驅動力(li)是通過驅動輥和帶鋼(gang)之間的(de)摩擦力(li)傳遞的(de)。為了在成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)形成(cheng)(cheng)張(zhang)力(li)、不產生堆鋼(gang)、使成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)后型(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)平直,成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)輥的(de)平均輥徑要加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)從第一(yi)架(jia)開始逐漸增大的(de)趨勢(shi),即(ji)Dn+1稍大于Dn,使后一(yi)架(jia)對前一(yi)架(jia)有一(yi)個拉伸作用。由(you)于直徑增加(jia)其線(xian)速(su)度就(jiu)會增加(jia),因此在架(jia)次之間就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)了張(zhang)力(li),從而帶鋼(gang)能平直地運行(xing)。
Dn+1=(1.005~1.010)Dn
式中(zhong) Dn 第n架成型輥平(ping)均直(zhi)徑;
Dn+1 第n+1架成型輥平均直徑。

