壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)類型(xing)可(ke)分為爆(bao)(bao)炸與泄漏(lou)兩大類。爆(bao)(bao)炸按原因(yin)(yin)來(lai)分又(you)可(ke)分為化(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)炸和(he)物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)炸兩種(zhong)。容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)(yin)劇烈化(hua)學反應（包括(kuo)燃燒）控(kong)引(yin)起容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)炸的(de)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)稱為化(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)炸事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)；容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)因(yin)(yin)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)使(shi)容(rong)(rong)受(shou)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)部(bu)件的(de)應力(li)達到材(cai)料強度的(de)極(ji)限(xian)值所引(yin)起的(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)稱為物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)炸故(gu)(gu)(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在運行中(zhong)由(you)于超壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、過(guo)熱，或腐(fu)蝕、磨(mo)損，易(yi)使(shi)受(shou)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)元件難以承(cheng)受(shou)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)炸、撕(si)裂等事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)炸事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)，不但(dan)會(hui)造成設備(bei)損壞，而還(huan)會(hui)波(bo)及周圍的(de)設備(bei)、建筑和(he)人群(qun)。爆(bao)(bao)炸直接(jie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)碎片能飛(fei)出(chu)數百(bai)米遠，能產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)巨(ju)大的(de)沖擊(ji)波(bo)，破壞力(li)與殺傷力(li)極(ji)大。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)炸、撕(si)裂等重(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)，有(you)毒物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)大量外溢會(hui)造成人畜中(zhong)毒的(de)惡性(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)。而可(ke)燃性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)大量泄漏(lou)，還(huan)會(hui)引(yin)起重(zhong)(zhong)大火災和(he)二次爆(bao)(bao)炸事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，后(hou)果也十分嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。浙(zhe)江至德(de)鋼(gang)業(ye)有(you)限(xian)公司從圧力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)常(chang)用(yong)鋼(gang)材(cai)出(chu)發，詳(xiang)細論述(shu)組織(zhi)結構與氫脆(cui)之間的(de)關系，希(xi)望能對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)相(xiang)關科研起到一(yi)定的(de)借(jie)鑒(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。

 由于壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)是一種特(te)殊的設(she)(she)備，因此用于制造壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)的材料主要(yao)為鋼材。壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)選(xuan)材是一個復(fu)雜的問題(ti)，鋼材的種類(lei)會對壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)的安(an)全性(xing)、壽命(ming)和設(she)(she)備價(jia)格(ge)有直接的影(ying)響。

 壓力容器對鋼材有如下三項(xiang)基(ji)本要求(qiu)：

1. 高強度

   材料強度是保證壓(ya)力容(rong)器(qi)安全(quan)、可(ke)靠(kao)使用的基本(ben)條件。高(gao)強度可(ke)以(yi)減少(shao)材料用量，這在經濟上也比(bi)較合理(li)。

2. 良好的焊接(jie)性(xing)

   壓(ya)力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的特點決定了焊接是壓(ya)力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)制造中主要的連接方法(fa)。這使(shi)得良(liang)好的焊接性對保(bao)證壓(ya)力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的安全性有重(zhong)要的意義。

3. 良好(hao)的沖擊韌性

  通過對壓力(li)容器事故的分析發現，大多數(shu)的事故原因(yin)是材料發生脆(cui)性(xing)斷裂(lie)。而良好(hao)的韌(ren)性(xing)是防止(zhi)壓力(li)容器發生脆(cui)性(xing)破(po)壞的重(zhong)要因(yin)素。