壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器事(shi)(shi)故(gu)類型(xing)可分為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)與泄漏(lou)兩大(da)(da)類。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)按(an)原因來分又可分為(wei)(wei)化學(xue)性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)和(he)(he)物理性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)兩種(zhong)。容(rong)(rong)器內(nei)部介質(zhi)因劇烈化學(xue)反應(包(bao)括(kuo)燃(ran)燒(shao))控引起(qi)容(rong)(rong)器爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)的事(shi)(shi)故(gu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)化學(xue)性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu);容(rong)(rong)器內(nei)部因介質(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)作用使容(rong)(rong)受壓(ya)(ya)部件的應力(li)(li)(li)(li)達到材(cai)料強度的極限值所引起(qi)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)物理性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)故(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器在運行中(zhong)由于超壓(ya)(ya)、過熱,或腐蝕、磨損,易使受壓(ya)(ya)元件難以承(cheng)受發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)、撕裂等(deng)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)后,不(bu)但會(hui)造成設備(bei)損壞,而還會(hui)波及周圍的設備(bei)、建(jian)筑和(he)(he)人(ren)群(qun)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)直接產生(sheng)的碎片能飛出(chu)數百米遠,能產生(sheng)巨大(da)(da)的沖(chong)擊(ji)波,破壞力(li)(li)(li)(li)與殺(sha)傷力(li)(li)(li)(li)極大(da)(da)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)、撕裂等(deng)重(zhong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)后,有毒物質(zhi)的大(da)(da)量外溢會(hui)造成人(ren)畜中(zhong)毒的惡性(xing)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)。而可燃(ran)性(xing)物質(zhi)的大(da)(da)量泄漏(lou),還會(hui)引起(qi)重(zhong)大(da)(da)火災和(he)(he)二次(ci)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu),后果也十分嚴(yan)重(zhong)。浙江至德鋼業有限公司從圧力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器常用鋼材(cai)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),詳(xiang)細論述組(zu)織結(jie)構與氫脆之(zhi)間的關系,希望(wang)能對(dui)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活中(zhong)的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器生(sheng)產和(he)(he)相關科研(yan)起(qi)到一定的借鑒作用。


 由于(yu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器是(shi)一種(zhong)特殊(shu)的設備,因此用于(yu)制造壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器的材料主要為鋼(gang)材。壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器選材是(shi)一個復雜的問題,鋼(gang)材的種(zhong)類會對壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器的安(an)全性、壽命(ming)和設備價格有(you)直接的影響。


 壓力容器對鋼材(cai)有如下(xia)三(san)項基(ji)本要求:


1. 高(gao)強度


   材(cai)料(liao)強(qiang)度(du)是(shi)保(bao)證壓力(li)容(rong)器安全、可(ke)靠使用的基本條件。高強(qiang)度(du)可(ke)以減(jian)少材(cai)料(liao)用量,這在經濟(ji)上(shang)也比較(jiao)合理。


2. 良(liang)好的焊接(jie)性(xing)


   壓力容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的特點決定了焊(han)接是壓力容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造中主要(yao)的連接方法。這使得良好的焊(han)接性對(dui)保證壓力容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的安全性有重(zhong)要(yao)的意義(yi)。


3. 良好的沖擊韌性


  通過對壓力(li)容器(qi)事故的分析發(fa)現,大(da)多數的事故原(yuan)因是材料(liao)發(fa)生脆(cui)性斷(duan)裂。而良好的韌性是防止壓力(li)容器(qi)發(fa)生脆(cui)性破壞的重要(yao)因素。