一、裝置簡介

  醋(cu)酸(suan)是重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)有機化(hua)工(gong)(gong)原料(liao)(liao)之一(yi)，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)合(he)成(cheng)纖維(wei)、涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)、醫藥、農藥、食品(pin)添加劑(ji)、染織等工(gong)(gong)業，是國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要組成(cheng)部分。醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)有乙(yi)醛氧(yang)化(hua)法(fa)(fa)（乙(yi)醇和乙(yi)烯法(fa)(fa)）、乙(yi)烷和甲(jia)烷氧(yang)化(hua)法(fa)(fa)以及甲(jia)醇羰(tang)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)法(fa)(fa)等。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不同(tong)(tong)，操作條件及工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)和腐蝕性也(ye)不同(tong)(tong)，對設備(bei)和管道材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)不同(tong)(tong)。甲(jia)醇低壓羰(tang)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程簡(jian)單(dan)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)能大(da)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量高，是目前最先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，也(ye)是國(guo)內外醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)主流工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。羰(tang)基(ji)(ji)合(he)成(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介(jie)質(zhi)腐蝕性強，對設備(bei)管道材料(liao)(liao)有特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)要求。

二、典型(xing)羰(tang)基合成醋酸工藝流程

  甲(jia)醇(chun)低(di)壓羰基(ji)合成醋酸技術(shu)由美國Monsanto公(gong)司實現(xian)工業化，其工藝流程示(shi)意圖如(ru)圖2.36所示(shi)。

  甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)低壓(ya)羰基(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)工藝大致可分(fen)(fen)為反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)、精(jing)制、輕(qing)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)回(hui)收、催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)制備(bei)與再生(sheng)等工序(xu)。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)由(you)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)中間(jian)儲(chu)槽經(jing)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加(jia)料泵送(song)(song)(song)至甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加(jia)熱器進(jin)(jin)入反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)。精(jing)制一(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)碳(tan)以一(yi)(yi)定(ding)壓(ya)力(li)及(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)流量由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)底部(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)入釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)管(guan)。在攪拌器作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，CO在溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中擴散溶(rong)解(jie)。在催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷促進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)(ji)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，CO與甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)在反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)。經(jing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)冷(leng)(leng)凝器冷(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)進(jin)(jin)人冷(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)分(fen)(fen)離器。含(han)有大量碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等的(de)冷(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)，冷(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)的(de)氣體(ti)(ti)進(jin)(jin)人高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收塔，用(yong)貧液(ye)(ye)（醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)）吸(xi)(xi)收氣體(ti)(ti)中的(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷，吸(xi)(xi)收了碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷的(de)富液(ye)(ye)從(cong)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收塔底部(bu)(bu)排出進(jin)(jin)入再生(sheng)塔進(jin)(jin)行(xing)再生(sheng)。吸(xi)(xi)收后(hou)的(de)尾氣去(qu)火炬系統。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)及(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)液(ye)(ye)在閃蒸罐(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)閃蒸后(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)氣液(ye)(ye)兩相。液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)循(xun)環泵送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)。含(han)有醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫、水(shui)及(ji)(ji)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)氣相去(qu)初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)塔進(jin)(jin)行(xing)提純。來(lai)自(zi)閃蒸罐(guan)氣相物料中的(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫以及(ji)(ji)夾帶的(de)少量催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，在初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)塔底部(bu)(bu)靠位差(cha)返(fan)回(hui)閃蒸罐(guan)。初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)塔蒸餾(liu)得到的(de)粗醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)由(you)塔側中部(bu)(bu)取出，送(song)(song)(song)至脫(tuo)水(shui)塔。脫(tuo)水(shui)塔氣相與初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)塔氣相一(yi)(yi)道送(song)(song)(song)至低壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收塔，回(hui)收碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷后(hou)尾氣去(qu)火炬系統，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)送(song)(song)(song)再生(sheng)塔，成(cheng)(cheng)品醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)品塔側部(bu)(bu)取出，冷(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)送(song)(song)(song)成(cheng)(cheng)品中間(jian)儲(chu)槽。含(han)丙酸(suan)(suan)以及(ji)(ji)金屬碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)物的(de)高(gao)(gao)沸點的(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)由(you)塔底部(bu)(bu)送(song)(song)(song)往汽提塔系統，以回(hui)收醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)，塔底重組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步處(chu)理回(hui)收。再生(sheng)塔再生(sheng)后(hou)的(de)貧液(ye)(ye)用(yong)循(xun)環水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)，一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收塔作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)收劑(ji)(ji)(ji)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往低壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收塔作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)收劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，循(xun)環使用(yong)。

三(san)、醋酸(suan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的配(pei)管設計(ji)

  主要是對塔、罐、泵、反應器等(deng)設(she)備的配管設(she)計。