21世(shi)紀原油(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)化(hua)和劣質(zhi)化(hua)的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)將(jiang)越(yue)來越(yue)明顯,我國煉(lian)油(you)(you)行(xing)業加工(gong)(gong)含硫(liu)原油(you)(you)和重(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)原油(you)(you)的(de)(de)比例將(jiang)越(yue)來越(yue)大。在(zai)煉(lian)油(you)(you)廠(chang)含硫(liu)重(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)原油(you)(you)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程的(de)(de)選擇和配置(zhi)上,可采(cai)用(yong)延遲焦化(hua)、渣油(you)(you)加氫(qing)、重(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)催(cui)化(hua)裂化(hua)(RFCC)或(huo)相應(ying)的(de)(de)組合工(gong)(gong)藝(yi);對于產(chan)品(pin)精(jing)(jing)制(zhi)則普遍(bian)采(cai)用(yong)加氫(qing)精(jing)(jing)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),以滿足日(ri)益(yi)提高(gao)的(de)(de)環保(bao)和產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)要求。因(yin)此,在(zai)煉(lian)油(you)(you)廠(chang)總(zong)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)流程中(zhong),各種(zhong)臨氫(qing)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)已日(ri)益(yi)成(cheng)為煉(lian)油(you)(you)廠(chang)主要的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)手(shou)段。
工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上生產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)的(de)方法(fa)有很多,如煤(mei)或(huo)焦炭的(de)水煤(mei)氣(qi)法(fa)、渣油(you)或(huo)重油(you)的(de)部分(fen)氧(yang)化法(fa)、輕烴(jing)水蒸氣(qi)轉(zhuan)化法(fa)、煉(lian)油(you)廠富氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)凈化分(fen)離法(fa)、甲醇(chun)為原(yuan)料(liao)蒸汽(qi)重整法(fa)以及電解水法(fa)等。而輕烴(jing)水蒸氣(qi)轉(zhuan)化法(fa)以其(qi)工(gong)(gong)藝成熟可靠、投資低廉、操作方便(bian)而占(zhan)主導地(di)位(wei)。就全球范圍(wei)而言,對于(yu)煉(lian)油(you)企業(ye),除從含氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)體(ti)中回收氫(qing)(qing)(qing)外,目前(qian)大(da)約90%的(de)制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)裝置(zhi)都采用烴(jing)類水蒸氣(qi)轉(zhuan)化法(fa)。
常規脫碳法制氫裝置典型(xing)工藝(yi)流程,如(ru)圖5-143所示。