金屬在堿液中的應力腐蝕破裂稱堿脆。碳鋼、低合金鋼、不銹鋼等多種金屬材料皆可發生堿脆。碳鋼(含低合金鋼)發生堿脆的趨向見圖8.1.6。輸送NaOH的碳鋼或低合金鋼管道在一定的條件下,能引起碳鋼材料的應力腐蝕開裂(堿脆)。
由圖8.1.6可(ke)(ke)知(zhi),氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)在5%以上的(de)全(quan)部濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)范(fan)圍內碳(tan)鋼幾(ji)乎都可(ke)(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)(sheng)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui),堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)的(de)最(zui)(zui)低溫度(du)為(wei)50℃,所需堿(jian)液的(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)40%~50%。以沸點附(fu)近的(de)高溫區最(zui)(zui)易發生(sheng)(sheng)。裂(lie)紋呈晶(jing)間(jian)型(xing)。奧氏(shi)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹鋼發生(sheng)(sheng)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)的(de)趨向(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)圖8.1.7。氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)在0.1%以上的(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)時(shi)(shi)18-8型(xing)奧氏(shi)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹鋼即可(ke)(ke)發生(sheng)(sheng)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)。以氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)化鈉濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)40%最(zui)(zui)危險,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)(sheng)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)的(de)溫度(du)為(wei)115℃左右。超低碳(tan)不(bu)(bu)銹鋼的(de)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)裂(lie)紋為(wei)穿晶(jing)型(xing),含碳(tan)量(liang)高時(shi)(shi),堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)裂(lie)紋則為(wei)晶(jing)間(jian)型(xing)或混(hun)合(he)型(xing)。當奧氏(shi)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)銹鋼中加(jia)入(ru)2%鉬時(shi)(shi),則可(ke)(ke)使其堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)界限縮(suo)小,并向(xiang)(xiang)堿(jian)的(de)高濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)區域移(yi)動。鎳和(he)鎳基(ji)合(he)金(jin)具有較高的(de)耐應力腐蝕的(de)性(xing)能(neng),它的(de)堿(jian)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)范(fan)圍變(bian)得狹窄,而(er)且位于高溫濃(nong)(nong)(nong)堿(jian)區。
一般情況下,當NaOH濃度和溫度超(chao)出表(biao)8.1.3的規定時,應對焊縫(feng)(含熱(re)影響區)進(jin)行消除應力熱(re)處理(li)。
表(biao)8.1.3 NaOH 濃度和溫度應對焊縫(含(han)熱(re)影響區)進行(xing)消(xiao)除應力熱(re)處理的界限
當NaOH濃度和溫度超出表8.1.4的規定(ding)時,應考慮采用含鎳(nie)合金。
碳鋼(gang)和鎳合金鋼(gang)在NaOH溶(rong)液中的應用范圍見圖 8.1.8 所(suo)示(shi)