金屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)接觸使用(yong)(yong)環境(jing)之前先(xian)用(yong)(yong)鈍(dun)化劑(ji)或成膜(mo)(mo)劑(ji)(鉻酸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、磷酸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、堿(jian)、硝酸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)和亞硝酸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)混(hun)合液等(deng))處理(li)(li),表(biao)面(mian)生(sheng)成穩定密(mi)實的鈍(dun)化膜(mo)(mo),抗蝕性(xing)大(da)大(da)增加。它與緩(huan)濁劑(ji)防護(hu)法的不同之處,在(zai)(zai)于它在(zai)(zai)以(yi)后的使用(yong)(yong)環境(jing)中(zhong)(如(ru)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)、水)不需要再加入緩(huan)蝕劑(ji),鋁經過陽(yang)極(ji)處理(li)(li),表(biao)面(mian)可(ke)以(yi)生(sheng)成比在(zai)(zai)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)生(sheng)成的更為密(mi)實的膜(mo)(mo)。這類膜(mo)(mo)在(zai)(zai)溫和的腐蝕環境(jing)(如(ru)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)和水)中(zhong)有(you)優良的抗蝕能力。鋼鐵部件表(biao)面(mian)發藍也是一個廣為應用(yong)(yong)的例子。


  在鋼鐵表層(ceng)(ceng)上可(ke)用(yong)(yong)一薄層(ceng)(ceng)更(geng)(geng)耐腐蝕的金屬(如鉻、鎳(nie)、鉛等)保(bao)護。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的方法是電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du),一般鍍(du)(du)(du)2~3層(ceng)(ceng),只有(you)幾十微(wei)(wei)米厚,因(yin)而不(bu)可(ke)避免地(di)存在微(wei)(wei)孔(kong),溶(rong)液可(ke)滲入微(wei)(wei)孔(kong),將構成鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)-底層(ceng)(ceng)腐蝕電(dian)(dian)池。鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)為貴(gui)金屬(如金、銀(yin)等)或易鈍化金屬(如鉻、鈦)以及鎳(nie)、鉛等,由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)位比鐵高,將成為陰極(ji),會加(jia)速(su)底層(ceng)(ceng)鐵腐蝕。因(yin)此這類鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)適于(yu)強腐蝕環境(如酸),但(dan)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)大氣、水等環境。除了電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)外,還(huan)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(熔融浸鍍(du)(du)(du))、火焰噴(pen)鍍(du)(du)(du)、蒸氣鍍(du)(du)(du)和整體金屬薄板包鍍(du)(du)(du)。后者因(yin)無微(wei)(wei)孔(kong),耐蝕性強,壽命也更(geng)(geng)長,但(dan)價格高些(xie)。


  防腐(fu)襯(chen)里一般為(wei)整片材料,適用(yong)于和(he)強腐(fu)蝕介(jie)質(zhi)接(jie)觸(chu)的(de)管道內(nei)部。如鹽酸(suan)、稀硫酸(suan)的(de)儲槽用(yong)橡膠或塑料襯(chen)里、儲放(fang)硝酸(suan)的(de)儲槽用(yong)不銹(xiu)鋼薄(bo)板襯(chen)里等。耐酸(suan)磚(zhuan)(硅磚(zhuan))也(ye)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)于襯(chen)里,它(ta)耐強酸(suan);耐火磚(zhuan)襯(chen)里則可起隔熱作用(yong)。搪(tang)瓷(ci)實際(ji)上(shang)是一種玻璃襯(chen)里,工(gong)(gong)業上(shang)稱為(wei)搪(tang)瓷(ci)玻璃,它(ta)的(de)耐酸(suan)性(xing)強,廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)于食品、醫藥等工(gong)(gong)業。




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