有(you)的設計(ji)人員咨詢浙江至德鋼業有(you)限公(gong)司工(gong)程師工(gong)業管道與輸氣管道的壁厚(hou)計(ji)算是否可以統一或者(zhe)互相替代使用？因兩者(zhe)的壁厚(hou)計(ji)算具有(you)以下區別(bie)，所(suo)以肯(ken)定是不能混用的。
一(yi)、工(gong)業管道(dao)與輸氣管道(dao)直管壁厚計算(suan)公式(shi)比較
1. 壁厚計算理論基礎比較
承(cheng)受(shou)內壓的(de)(de)(de)直管屬于旋轉殼體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種，旋轉殼體(ti)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析理(li)論(lun)有兩類：一(yi)類是(shi)忽略(lve)彎矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)力(li)(li)矩(ju)理(li)論(lun)一(yi)-薄膜理(li)論(lun)，導出的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)壁(bi)厚計(ji)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)薄膜應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)公式，該公式計(ji)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)沿壁(bi)厚均勻分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)兩向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，即軸(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)周向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，忽略(lve)了徑向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)。另(ling)一(yi)類是(shi)彈性力(li)(li)學應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析理(li)論(lun)一(yi)一(yi)拉美(mei)公式，共三(san)個方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，周向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)徑向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)沿壁(bi)厚非線性分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)，軸(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)沿壁(bi)厚均勻分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)。
GB 50251《輸(shu)氣管(guan)道工(gong)程設計(ji)規范》采用ASME B31.8《輸(shu)氣和配氣管(guan)道系統》的(de)(de)壁厚(hou)計(ji)算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)源(yuan)于無力矩(ju)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論的(de)(de)薄(bo)膜理(li)(li)(li)(li)論應力公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。GB／T 20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059等標(biao)準采用ASME B31.3《工(gong)藝管(guan)道》的(de)(de)壁厚(hou)計(ji)算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)是拉美公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)經驗近似(si)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。輸(shu)氣管(guan)道壁厚(hou)計(ji)算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論基礎采用無力矩(ju)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論-薄(bo)膜理(li)(li)(li)(li)論，而(er)工(gong)業管(guan)道采用彈性力學應力分析理(li)(li)(li)(li)論-拉美公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。
2. 安(an)全系數取值方式的比較
輸氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)由于(yu)需穿越城市、村鎮等，根據管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)通過區域的(de)(de)不同條件，采用改變管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)應力水(shui)平（即改變管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)壁厚(hou)）以(yi)強(qiang)度確保管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)自身的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)，為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)周圍環境(jing)提供安(an)全(quan)保障(zhang)（采用不同的(de)(de)強(qiang)度設計(ji)系(xi)數(shu)F）的(de)(de)理念，同時也體現了管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)經濟成本的(de)(de)合理性(xing)。GB50251中(zhong)規定的(de)(de)強(qiang)度設計(ji)系(xi)數(shu)F值，一級(ji)地(di)(di)區為(wei)0.8，四級(ji)地(di)(di)區為(wei)0.4。強(qiang)度設計(ji)系(xi)數(shu)F值的(de)(de)規定與取值源(yuan)自ASME B31.8《輸氣(qi)(qi)和配氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)系(xi)統(tong)》。
工(gong)業(ye)管道壁厚計(ji)算中(zhong)(zhong)，設計(ji)溫(wen)度下的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)許用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)由材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學性能除以相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)數而得，GB／T 20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)數與GB 150中(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)數的(de)(de)(de)要求相同(tong)。由于工(gong)業(ye)管道處于有限(xian)(xian)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)廠環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)數根據材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)和(he)力(li)(li)(li)學性能（強(qiang)(qiang)度極限(xian)(xian)、屈服極限(xian)(xian)、持久強(qiang)(qiang)度、蠕變極限(xian)(xian)）的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)而取(qu)值，按照規(gui)(gui)范規(gui)(gui)定(ding)選取(qu)許用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)值。許用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)值的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)與工(gong)業(ye)管道所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)條件完全(quan)無關，在GB／T20801、GB 50316、SH／T 3059等中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)使用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)表(biao)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)值，既體現(xian)了(le)(le)許用應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)所(suo)表(biao)達的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)強(qiang)(qiang)度，又體現(xian)了(le)(le)工(gong)程設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)經濟合理性。
輸氣管道和(he)(he)工業(ye)管道壁厚計(ji)算公式中安(an)全系數(shu)的(de)區(qu)別，在安(an)全理念和(he)(he)規范(fan)內容上存在差(cha)異，在設(she)計(ji)上是(shi)無法統一的(de)。
3. 鋼管壁厚(hou)附(fu)加(jia)裕量的比較
輸氣管(guan)道在用公式得出計(ji)算壁(bi)厚(hou)之后，圓整到(dao)鋼(gang)管(guan)標準規定的(de)壁(bi)厚(hou)，一般(ban)沒(mei)有(you)考慮材料(liao)厚(hou)度偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)和腐蝕裕(yu)量(liang)。但是ASME B31.8規定采用該規范(fan)所(suo)列鋼(gang)管(guan)，已經考慮了(le)鋼(gang)管(guan)的(de)壁(bi)厚(hou)負(fu)(fu)偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)，并且加(jia)(jia)了(le)裕(yu)量(liang)，例如，如采用API5L，則不必再另加(jia)(jia)厚(hou)度負(fu)(fu)偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)了(le)。
工業管道的壁厚計算公式中則明確規定了應該考慮厚度減薄附加量C1和腐蝕磨蝕附加量C2。
二、鋼管材料選(xuan)用的比較
由于輸(shu)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道距離長，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)(yong)量大(da)(da)，天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)輸(shu)送(song)量大(da)(da)，輸(shu)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道朝著高(gao)壓力(li)、大(da)(da)直徑方向(xiang)發展，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材料也(ye)朝著高(gao)強度、微合(he)金的方向(xiang)發展。與(yu)輸(shu)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道工(gong)(gong)程相配套的鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)有了自成體系(xi)的鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)(biao)準，在(zai)國際(ji)上得到(dao)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)(biao)準是(shi)美(mei)國標(biao)(biao)準API5L。該標(biao)(biao)準的最(zui)高(gao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)級為(wei)L830M（PSL2），規定的屈服強度最(zui)小(xiao)值(zhi)為(wei)830 MPa。ISO 3183《石油天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)輸(shu)送(song)系(xi)統(tong)用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》是(shi)在(zai)API5L《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)規范(fan)》基礎上編制(zhi)的。GB／T 9711《石油天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)業 管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)輸(shu)送(song)系(xi)統(tong)用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》是(shi)在(zai)ISO 3183標(biao)(biao)準基礎上修改(gai)編制(zhi)的，該標(biao)(biao)準得到(dao)了廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。與(yu)工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)技術(shu)上有重大(da)(da)區(qu)別。GB 50349《氣(qi)(qi)田(tian)集(ji)輸(shu)設計規范(fan)》規定氣(qi)(qi)田(tian)集(ji)輸(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)是(shi)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)GB／T 9711。
工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)所屬(shu)裝置的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)流(liu)體多樣(yang)化(hua)、設(she)計參數(shu)各不相(xiang)同(tong)，工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的器(qi)材選用(yong)(yong)尚無自成體系的統一標(biao)準，均是使用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)應的鋼(gang)(gang)材和鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)標(biao)準，例(li)如(ru)國(guo)標(biao)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)常用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準：GB／T13793《直縫(feng)電(dian)焊(han)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T9948《石(shi)油裂化(hua)用(yong)(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T 6479《高壓化(hua)肥設(she)備用(yong)(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T8163《輸送流(liu)體用(yong)(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T3087《低中壓鍋爐用(yong)(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》，GB／T5310《高壓鍋爐用(yong)(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)》等數(shu)十個，工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)材選用(yong)(yong)具體規(gui)定與輸氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的材料(liao)要求(qiu)是大不一樣(yang)的，輸氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)材料(liao)選用(yong)(yong)及材料(liao)標(biao)準上均有很大區別。
三、管道沖擊試驗的(de)比(bi)較
輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)（包括輸(shu)氣(qi)站）一般都(dou)在野外，受自然環境（低溫(wen)）的(de)(de)(de)影響比較大，輸(shu)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)用鋼管(guan)(guan)對(dui)低溫(wen)沖(chong)擊韌(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)較高，以防(fang)止鋼管(guan)(guan)脆性(xing)斷裂(lie)擴(kuo)展(zhan)和(he)(he)控制(zhi)延(yan)性(xing)斷裂(lie)擴(kuo)展(zhan)。我國對(dui)干線和(he)(he)站場用鋼管(guan)(guan)提出了在API5L的(de)(de)(de)基礎上對(dui)鋼管(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)焊縫進(jin)行夏(xia)比沖(chong)擊試驗的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，規定(ding)其試驗溫(wen)度(du)應(ying)低于(yu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)通過(guo)當地的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)低環境溫(wen)度(du)，一般取-10℃，-20℃、-30℃，夏(xia)比沖(chong)擊韌(ren)性(xing)合(he)格值(zhi)(zhi)根據不同鋼級和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)徑分(fen)別(bie)為27J、40J、54J、80J（3個試樣最(zui)小平(ping)均值(zhi)(zhi)）。
工業管(guan)(guan)道對管(guan)(guan)道設計(ji)溫(wen)度≤-20℃而高(gao)于鋼(gang)(gang)材(cai)使用溫(wen)度下限的碳素鋼(gang)(gang)、低合金(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)、中合金(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)和高(gao)合金(jin)鐵素體鋼(gang)(gang)，要求進行夏(xia)比低溫(wen)沖擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)驗，試(shi)(shi)驗沖擊(ji)功合格值根據(ju)不同的鋼(gang)(gang)材(cai)分別為18J、20J、27J、31J（3個試(shi)(shi)樣平均值），GB／T 20801、GB／T 50316、SH／T 3059等標注中均有明確(que)規定。
輸氣管(guan)道(dao)與(yu)工業管(guan)道(dao)設計規范對鋼管(guan)提出(chu)了夏比低溫沖擊試驗的要求，在(zai)夏比低溫沖擊試驗的試驗溫度與(yu)合格值上差(cha)異較大。
