工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選用是根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計的(de)(de)總(zong)體要求、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝數據條(tiao)件和(he)采購(gou)(gou)特點等因素，對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)件、閥門、法蘭、墊片、緊固元件、特殊管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)、隔(ge)熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、涂漆材(cai)(cai)料(liao)等的(de)(de)選用，包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)標準、材(cai)(cai)質、規(gui)格、結構形(xing)式、連接(jie)形(xing)式等內(nei)容的(de)(de)選定(ding)。在國內(nei)外一(yi)些大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)公司，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選用的(de)(de)具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作還包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)數量(liang)匯總(zong)、向采購(gou)(gou)部門提(ti)出(chu)請購(gou)(gou)單、編(bian)制管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)技(ji)術要求文(wen)件、對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)提(ti)供商文(wen)件的(de)(de)評閱(yue)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)檢驗和(he)試(shi)驗等內(nei)容。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選用的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作貫穿工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計的(de)(de)整個過程(cheng)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)詢價、設計、采購(gou)(gou)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及后(hou)期服務等階(jie)段(duan)均離不開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)選用。

①. 標(biao)準系列化

   目前大多數(shu)(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元件(jian)都進行了系列化，并(bing)有(you)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)作支持。因此，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材料設計時首先(xian)要考慮的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)就是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元件(jian)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)系列的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong)。一(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系中(zhong)各(ge)元件(jian)所用(yong)系列標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)集合(he)稱為應(ying)(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)(ying)包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)系列標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)系列標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、法蘭及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)連(lian)接件(jian)系列標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、閥門(men)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)等。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)通過一(yi)定的(de)(de)規則在(zai)一(yi)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系中(zhong)得到應(ying)(ying)用(yong)，它(ta)們(men)之間相(xiang)互(hu)銜接、相(xiang)互(hu)配(pei)合(he)，從而確(que)定了管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元件(jian)的(de)(de)基本參(can)數(shu)(shu)。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)尤其(qi)(qi)以(yi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和法蘭標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)最具有(you)代(dai)表性，它(ta)們(men)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)他應(ying)(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)基礎。

   世(shi)界上各國應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)管道標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系有(you)很多，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)國家(jia)有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準和(he)(he)標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系，而(er)在我(wo)國，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)行業(ye)又各采(cai)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準和(he)(he)標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系。這些標(biao)準之間(jian)千(qian)差萬別，甚(shen)至有(you)些標(biao)準和(he)(he)標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系相差甚(shen)遠，相互之間(jian)無法配(pei)套使(shi)用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)互換(huan)(huan)，從而(er)給使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者帶(dai)來了不(bu)少麻(ma)煩。為此，工業(ye)管道設計(ji)的(de)(de)第一步就是選擇應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系，并(bing)作為裝置內各個專業(ye)設計(ji)的(de)(de)統一規定，以避(bi)免各相關專業(ye)因采(cai)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)能互換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)其他應(ying)用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系而(er)導致錯誤。

工(gong)程應(ying)用：配管設計(ji)的管子標準(zhun)系(xi)列(lie)不同引起的錯誤

   圖(tu)16.2所示的是(shi)在某(mou)施(shi)工(gong)現場發現的，因設計引(yin)起的錯誤(wu)。兩(liang)個裝置在界區接點，因管(guan)子(zi)標準(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)不同(tong)引(yin)起管(guan)子(zi)外徑不同(tong)而連接不上。左側(ce)為(wei)(wei)ASME標準(zhun)(zhun)管(guan)子(zi)，右側(ce)為(wei)(wei)HG 20553II標準(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)管(guan)子(zi)，都是(shi)DN500的公稱(cheng)直徑，但是(shi)左側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)外徑為(wei)(wei)508mm，右側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)外徑為(wei)(wei)530mm。

②. 國際化

   現在的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目越來(lai)越國際化，這就要(yao)求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)設(she)計時(shi)按照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)具體要(yao)求(qiu)，選(xuan)用(yong)國際化標(biao)準的(de)管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)。管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)設(she)計標(biao)準規范也逐漸(jian)在統一向通用(yong)的(de)國際化標(biao)準看齊。

③. 經濟性

   經濟性(xing)是指管道(dao)的一(yi)(yi)次投資費用(yong)和(he)操作維護費用(yong)的綜合(he)(he)指數(shu)低(di)。一(yi)(yi)般情況下，如(ru)果一(yi)(yi)次投資較(jiao)高(gao)的話(hua)，其可靠性(xing)好，操作、維護費用(yong)低(di)。對于特別(bie)重大和(he)復雜的決策，可借助計算機分析取技術和(he)經濟的最優(you)化組(zu)合(he)(he)，如(ru)圖(tu)16.3所示(shi)。在設計時，要力爭做到管系中(zhong)各元件具有相(xiang)同的強度和(he)壽命選用(yong)。

④. 多學科性

   工業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)(cai)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)配(pei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)技能之一(yi)，工業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)(cai)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)既要求從事這(zhe)項設計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程技術(shu)人員具有(you)材(cai)(cai)料、力(li)學、機械、技術(shu)經(jing)濟(ji)等多學科知識，還要求能夠運(yun)用好計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機和(he)(he)外語兩個(ge)最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具，結合項目實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)采購情況，根據(ju)工藝專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)數據(ju)表要求，根據(ju)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)布置(zhi)(zhi)、設備布置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)應力(li)分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)要求，根據(ju)甲方(fang)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，并(bing)遵循(xun)相關法規和(he)(he)規定，用計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機文本(ben)、表格或(huo)者(zhe)數據(ju)庫表示出來，成為一(yi)個(ge)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)、集體的(de)(de)(de)(de)、創造(zao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智力(li)勞動。

⑤. 復(fu)雜性

   工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)工程(cheng)設(she)計過程(cheng)中實際應用(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)很(hen)多，使用(yong)工況也千(qian)差萬別，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因素和環節也比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)多。工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)是一個系統，各環節相(xiang)互(hu)關(guan)聯、相(xiang)互(hu)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)組成件和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)支撐件的種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)繁多，各種(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)各有特點和具體(ti)技(ji)(ji)術要求，材(cai)料(liao)選用(yong)復(fu)雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)長徑比(bi)(bi)很(hen)大(da)，極易(yi)失(shi)穩，受力情況比(bi)(bi)壓(ya)力容(rong)器更復(fu)雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)內(nei)流體(ti)流動狀態復(fu)雜，緩沖余地小，工作條件變(bian)化(hua)頻率比(bi)(bi)壓(ya)力容(rong)器高(gao)（如(ru)高(gao)溫、高(gao)壓(ya)、低溫、低壓(ya)、位移(yi)變(bian)形(xing)、風、雪(xue)、地震等都(dou)可能影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)受力情況）。在做管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)選用(yong)工作時需要全面考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)器材(cai)選用(yong)和裝置布(bu)置、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)布(bu)置、配管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)應力分析一樣都(dou)是完成工程(cheng)項目配管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)）設(she)計專(zhuan)業(ye)工作的基(ji)本技(ji)(ji)術技(ji)(ji)能。