點焊工件只在有限的接觸面上即所謂“點”上被焊接起來,并形成扁球形的熔核。點焊又分為單點焊和多點焊,多點焊時使用兩對以上的電極,在同一工序內形成多個熔核。點焊方法通常又分為雙面點焊和單面點焊兩大類。雙面點焊時,通常采用搭接接頭和折邊接頭兩種形式(圖6-11).接頭可以由兩個或兩個以上等厚度或不等厚度的工件組成。在設計點焊結構時,必須考慮電極的可達性,即電極必須能方便地抵達構件的焊接部位。同時還應考慮邊距、搭接量、點距、裝配間隔和焊點強度等因素。

由于不銹鋼的電阻率高、導熱性差,因此與低碳鋼相比,可采用較小的焊接電流和較短的焊接時間。不銹鋼有較高的高溫強度,必須采用較高的電極壓力,以防止產生縮孔、裂紋等缺陷。不銹鋼的熱敏感性強,通常采用較短的焊接時間、強有力的內部和外部水冷卻,并且要準確地控制加熱時間和焊接電流,以防熱影響區晶粒長大和出現晶間(jian)腐蝕(shi)現象。點焊不銹鋼的電極推薦用硬度較高的電極合金,滿足高電極壓力的需要。
馬(ma)氏體(ti)不銹鋼(gang)由于(yu)有(you)淬火(huo)傾向,點焊(han)時要(yao)求采用(yong)較長焊(han)接時間。為消(xiao)除淬硬組織(zhi),最好采用(yong)焊(han)后(hou)回火(huo)的雙(shuang)脈沖點焊(han)。點焊(han)時一(yi)般不采用(yong)電極的外(wai)部水冷(leng)卻,以免(mian)因淬火(huo)而產生裂紋。
單(dan)面(mian)(mian)點(dian)焊(han)(han)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)由工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同一側(ce)向焊(han)(han)接(jie)處饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)面(mian)(mian)點(dian)焊(han)(han)方式(shi)如圖(tu)6-12所(suo)示。圖(tu)中:(a)單(dan)面(mian)(mian)單(dan)點(dian)點(dian)焊(han)(han),不(bu)(bu)形成焊(han)(han)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)采用大(da)直徑和(he)(he)大(da)接(jie)觸面(mian)(mian)以減(jian)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度。(b)無(wu)分流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)面(mian)(mian)雙點(dian)點(dian)焊(han)(han),此時焊(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)全部流(liu)(liu)經(jing)焊(han)(han)接(jie)區。(c)有分流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)面(mian)(mian)雙點(dian)點(dian)焊(han)(han),流(liu)(liu)經(jing)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)經(jing)過焊(han)(han)接(jie)區,形成分流(liu)(liu)。為了(le)給焊(han)(han)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)提供低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)通路。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)下面(mian)(mian)墊有銅(tong)墊板。(d)當兩焊(han)(han)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間距很大(da),如在(zai)進行骨(gu)架構(gou)件(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)復板的(de)(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)接(jie)時,為了(le)避免不(bu)(bu)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)加熱引起翹曲和(he)(he)減(jian)小(xiao)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,采用了(le)特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)橋A,與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)同時壓緊(jin)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)上(shang)。


