1. 焊(han)接設備、材料及焊(han)接規范
①. 焊接設備:A120-400熔化極氣體保護(hu)焊機。
②. 母材:06Cr18Ni11Ti,厚度10mm, 600mm×300mm.裝配簡圖見圖4-20.

③. 實(shi)心焊絲:0Cr18Ni12V,?1.2mm.
④. 保護氣體:98%Ar+2%O2.
⑤. 焊接(jie)規范:直流反接(jie),焊接(jie)規范見表4-7。

2. 操作(zuo)要點
①. 焊槍的擺動
底(di)(di)層(ceng)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接采用左(zuo)向焊(han)(han)(han)(han)法(fa)(fa)月牙形擺動(dong),擺動(dong)幅度要均勻,在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫兩(liang)側要作短時(shi)(shi)停(ting)留(liu),停(ting)留(liu)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)弧不得拉長。蓋面焊(han)(han)(han)(han)同(tong)樣(yang)采用左(zuo)向焊(han)(han)(han)(han)法(fa)(fa),月牙擺動(dong),與(yu)底(di)(di)層(ceng)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接不同(tong)的是(shi),在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫兩(liang)側停(ting)留(liu)的時(shi)(shi)間要比底(di)(di)層(ceng)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接時(shi)(shi)更長一些。
在(zai)底層焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)時(shi),當(dang)第一(yi)個熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)形(xing)成后(hou),焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)必(bi)須壓在(zai)熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)沿焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)縱向(xiang)的(de)(de)1/2處橫向(xiang)擺(bai)(bai)動運(yun)行(圖4-21).在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong),焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)始(shi)終在(zai)熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)內擺(bai)(bai)動,如果一(yi)旦(dan)焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)超過(guo)熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)往坡口(kou)外擺(bai)(bai)動時(shi),會(hui)出現竄絲(si)和頂(ding)絲(si)現象,造成飛濺和根部燒穿、保護不好等缺陷(xian)。當(dang)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)中(zhong)斷需要(yao)再(zai)次接(jie)(jie)頭時(shi),起弧(hu)(hu)點必(bi)須在(zai)熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)前端5~8mm處,此時(shi)在(zai)坡口(kou)一(yi)側引弧(hu)(hu),當(dang)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)穩定(ding)燃(ran)燒時(shi)快速(su)將焊(han)(han)(han)絲(si)拉到熔(rong)池(chi)(chi)內開始(shi)正常焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)。
②. 熔池的控制
在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)過程中,必須(xu)保(bao)證要有一定(ding)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)深。當(dang)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)深達到(dao)(dao)一定(ding)程度(du)時(shi)(shi),能夠保(bao)證背(bei)面(mian)(mian)焊(han)(han)縫(feng)焊(han)(han)透(tou)。操作時(shi)(shi)要及時(shi)(shi)觀察(cha)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池(chi)前(qian)端的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong),熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)始終保(bao)持在(zai)(zai)大(da)于(yu)間隙0.5~1mm.當(dang)發現熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增大(da)時(shi)(shi),說(shuo)明(ming)背(bei)面(mian)(mian)焊(han)(han)縫(feng)在(zai)(zai)逐(zhu)步增高,再(zai)(zai)繼(ji)續下去將會導致焊(han)(han)瘤或(huo)燒穿(chuan)現象(xiang),此時(shi)(shi)應放慢速度(du),將焊(han)(han)絲(si)往坡口兩(liang)邊(bian)運(yun)送或(huo)壓在(zai)(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池(chi)后面(mian)(mian)運(yun)行(xing),直到(dao)(dao)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)恢復原狀,再(zai)(zai)繼(ji)續進行(xing)正(zheng)常送絲(si)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)。如果發現熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減小直至沒有熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong),說(shuo)明(ming)背(bei)面(mian)(mian)焊(han)(han)縫(feng)過低甚至出現未焊(han)(han)透(tou),此時(shi)(shi)應加快前(qian)進速度(du),焊(han)(han)絲(si)壓在(zai)(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)池(chi)的(de)(de)前(qian)半部或(huo)直線運(yun)絲(si),直到(dao)(dao)打開(kai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)孔(kong)為正(zheng)常尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun),再(zai)(zai)進行(xing)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)。
在(zai)蓋(gai)面焊過(guo)程中,由于(yu)(yu)在(zai)大(da)電流(liu)下熔(rong)滴過(guo)渡屬于(yu)(yu)射(she)流(liu)過(guo)渡,此時(shi)把握不當會出現熔(rong)寬增加、熔(rong)深減小、咬邊、焊縫表面不規則等缺陷。
③. 導電(dian)嘴(zui)距(ju)離的控制
操作時應(ying)注意(yi)導(dao)電嘴與焊縫(feng)表(biao)面(mian)的距(ju)離(li)(li)。導(dao)電嘴距(ju)離(li)(li)過(guo)低:第一,會影(ying)焊工視線;第二,使(shi)(shi)過(guo)渡金屬受保護氣(qi)(qi)體的壓縮后(hou)沖擊(ji)熔(rong)池,使(shi)(shi)熔(rong)池產生(sheng)較大的波動而造(zao)成(cheng)焊縫(feng)表(biao)面(mian)的不平;第三,氣(qi)(qi)體保護過(guo)近易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)紊流產生(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。導(dao)電嘴距(ju)離(li)(li)過(guo)高會使(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體保護效果變差,也容易(yi)產生(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)、飛濺、咬邊(bian)等缺陷。
合理(li)的(de)方法是,導電嘴(zui)距(ju)離焊縫表面8~10mm,焊接時中間(jian)快,兩邊停留,尤其在兩邊停留時,應控制導電嘴(zui)的(de)高度,否則(ze)易出現咬邊缺陷。
④. 焊槍角度的控制(zhi)
焊(han)縫表面(mian)的(de)余高、熔寬(kuan)與(yu)焊(han)槍(qiang)(qiang)角度有著很大的(de)關系,焊(han)槍(qiang)(qiang)前傾(qing)角越小或垂(chui)直于工件(圖4-22(a)),得到(dao)的(de)是(shi)窄而(er)高的(de)焊(han)縫,前傾(qing)角大得到(dao)的(de)是(shi)平而(er)寬(kuan)的(de)焊(han)縫(圖4-22(b))。


