本次GB/T 4334標準的修訂,將標準名稱變更為《金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》,通過名稱明確了上述體系中各標準的適用范圍,便于使用和實施。同時,廢除了方法D—不銹鋼硝酸-氫氟酸腐蝕試驗方法,增加了方法F—銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸腐蝕試驗方法和方法G—40%硫酸-硫酸鐵腐蝕試驗方法,修改了敏化制度和彎曲實驗參數等技術指標。通過本次修訂,提高了不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法標準的科學性、經濟性和實用性,有助于指導和規范高鉻鉬奧(ao)氏體不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼生產和驗收,有助于提高我國不(bu)銹鋼產品的技術性能、安全可靠性及環保性能。 前不久,由冶金工業信息標準研究院組織的GB/T 4334《金屬和合金的腐蝕不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》等兩項國家標準和一項國家標準外文版審定會在江蘇無錫順利召開。經過兩輪會議評審的GB/T 4334確定了最終的送審稿。私作為該分技術委員會的委員,全程參與了該標準的修訂過程,下面就為各位提前“劇透”下更新版的主要修改內容。“劇透”的主要目的是為了向小伙伴們闡明專家組對于各修訂之處的原因和意圖,便于大家更好地理解更新版標準的改動之處。預計更新版標準將于2020年正式發布實施,希望屆時都能夠更好地執行。
1. 淘汰落后的硝酸-氫氟酸法
我國(guo)GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)的(de)D法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)——不銹(xiu)鋼硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan)試(shi)驗(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)最早于1984年(nian)修改采(cai)用自日本的(de)JIS G 0574-1980。美(mei)國(guo)ASTM A262的(de)早期版(ban)(ban)本中(zhong)也包(bao)含(han)了(le)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),但在(zai)(zai)(zai)1993年(nian)以后(hou)的(de)版(ban)(ban)本中(zhong)此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)遭到淘汰,隨后(hou)日本也廢(fei)除了(le)JIS G 0574,因(yin)此(ci)當前(qian)其他各國(guo)標準中(zhong)均無此(ci)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)具(ju)有如下特點(dian):不銹(xiu)鋼在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)試(shi)驗(yan)溶液中(zhong)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)電位處(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)活化-鈍化區,因(yin)此(ci)會(hui)伴有嚴重的(de)全面腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)。所以,試(shi)樣(yang)必須采(cai)用參(can)照試(shi)樣(yang),借助腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)速率比值的(de)評定方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)來篩除全面腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)干擾影(ying)響。此(ci)外,試(shi)驗(yan)時的(de)溫度為70°C而不采(cai)用沸騰(teng),控制相對不便;試(shi)驗(yan)溶液含(han)有劇毒的(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan),不能使(shi)(shi)用常規的(de)玻璃容器(qi),而需采(cai)用耐(nai)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)和氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)特制塑料容器(qi),這些因(yin)素都在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程度上影(ying)響了(le)該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),導(dao)致該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)幾乎從未被廣泛使(shi)(shi)用過。由于硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氟(fu)(fu)酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)這些特點(dian),這一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)標GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)名存實亡,因(yin)此(ci)更新(xin)版(ban)(ban)標準將(jiang)該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)廢(fei)除。
2. 新(xin)增兩個(ge)實驗方(fang)法(fa)使適用范圍進一步擴(kuo)大
GB/T 4334-2008修改采用自ISO 3651-1,3651-2。但是只保留了ISO 3651-1中的硝酸法和ISO 3651-2中A法——銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法。而對于ISO 3651-2中B 法——銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法則并未納入,此外,GB/T 4334-2008方法B名義上由ISO 3651-2中C法變更而來,實際相對于早期版本并無實質變化。GB/T 4334 的早期版本GB/T 4334.1~5-1980 和GB/T 4334.1~5-2000 最早非等效采用日本標準JIS G 0571~0575。而在1999年,日本對這幾個標準進行了較大的修改,由原先的ASTM體系逐漸向ISO體系靠攏。JIS G 0575-1999在原先銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法的基礎上,增加了銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法,JIS G 0572-2006將原來與ASTM A262中B法等同的50%硫酸-硫酸鐵法變更成與ISO等效的40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。這兩項變化使日本晶間腐蝕標準的適用范圍得到了較大的擴展,即適用范圍由僅適用于奧氏體不銹鋼進一步擴大到了雙相不銹鋼。但我國標準從2000版到2008 版內容卻無實質變化。根據GB/T 4334-2008的前言所述,與相應ISO標準相比,本標準方法C的適用范圍不包括雙相不銹鋼;方法B適用范圍不包括鐵素體不銹鋼。但實際上,在GB/T 4334-2008正文的第一章“范圍”中,方法A、B、C和D所明確指定的適用范圍都僅局限于奧氏體不銹鋼。在GB/T 4334-2008中,僅方法E明確指出“適用于奧氏體、奧氏體-鐵素體不銹鋼…”。這種情況下,對于雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試樣方法選擇范圍過于單一。此外,GB/T 4334-2008在方法A中列出了一些不銹鋼牌號所適用的晶間腐蝕試驗方法,這些牌號都是Cr含量全部低于20%的300系不銹鋼。對于Cr、Mo含量更高的奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼都沒有相應的說明,這在我國超級不銹鋼發展日益成熟的今天顯然有些過時。硫酸-硫酸銅法中決定其腐蝕性的主要是硫酸濃度,對于用在不太惡劣環境下的300系不銹鋼,如304不銹鋼、316不銹鋼(gang)等,16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法已被廣泛證明是合適的。但是,對用于更惡劣環境下的高鉻、鉬不銹鋼,采用16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法檢驗晶間腐蝕的結果往往與工程實際不符合。此時,一般應選用更高濃度的硫酸。美、日、俄及ISO標準中都包含了更高濃度的硫酸-硫酸銅法,鑒于我國超級不銹鋼使用的日益廣泛,將更高濃度的硫酸法納入標準已顯得非常迫切。 當前,由于我國標準體系在高鉻鉬含量不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法方面的不夠完善,導致國內部分不銹鋼產品在晶間腐蝕檢驗時面臨無相關國家標準可依的窘境,而只能選用國際標準。例如,針對雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕檢驗,GB/T 21433-2008《不銹鋼壓力容器晶間腐蝕敏感性檢驗》就不得不引用了ISO 3651-(1~2)。 鑒于近年來不銹鋼產業在我國的迅猛發展,將適用于高鉻鉬含量奧氏體不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗方法納入不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗標準顯得日益迫切。結合國外標準及我國對晶間腐蝕試驗方法的使用情況,本次標準的修訂將在GB/T 4334-2008的基礎上增加銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法及40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。
3. 對(dui)取樣和制備、試驗報告進(jin)行了部(bu)分調整(zheng)
GB/T 31935-2015及GB/T 32571-2016內容(rong)中(zhong)關于(yu)“取樣(yang)和(he)制備”及“試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)”部分(fen)參(can)考了(le)(le)GB/T 4334-2008標準(zhun),并同(tong)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)行了(le)(le)很好(hao)的(de)(de)改進(jin),體現了(le)(le)“先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)(xing)、科學性(xing)(xing)和(he)合理性(xing)(xing)”;本次(ci)GB/T 4334的(de)(de)修訂在“取樣(yang)和(he)制備”及“試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)”部分(fen)與上述兩(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)進(jin)行了(le)(le)適當(dang)的(de)(de)等(deng)同(tong),既(ji)保證了(le)(le)本標準(zhun)的(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)(xing),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)又使不同(tong)類型不銹鋼的(de)(de)晶(jing)間腐蝕(shi)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)取樣(yang)標準(zhun)得到了(le)(le)統一(yi)。此外,對于(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)法的(de)(de)取樣(yang)根據GB/T 4338-2008標準(zhun)在實際使用(yong)過程中(zhong)遇到的(de)(de)問題(ti)以及多(duo)方意見(jian)增加了(le)(le)附注,即“對于(yu)較厚的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang),若無(wu)法彎(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)兩(liang)(liang)個被檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)面,則可取兩(liang)(liang)組(zu)各兩(liang)(liang)個試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)。取樣(yang)時(shi)(shi)標記出各試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)相同(tong)的(de)(de)某(mou)一(yi)樣(yang)面。試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)后(hou),兩(liang)(liang)組(zu)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)分(fen)別(bie)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)被標記面和(he)未標記面”,增加了(le)(le)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)實用(yong)性(xing)(xing)和(he)可操作性(xing)(xing)。
4. 對敏化制度進行(xing)了部分調整
早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶間(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)美(mei)(mei)、俄(e)兩個體系標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),其敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)在當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2h,20世紀70年代后均(jun)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1h,說明(ming)2h偏(pian)長。根據合(he)肥通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機械研究(jiu)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)分析,8mm左(zuo)右厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)18-8鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban),正常(chang)焊條電弧(hu)焊試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶間(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大約不(bu)(bu)超過鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)經650°C敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)15min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶間(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)650°C保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)兩小時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)是相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)較(jiao)嚴苛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),該參數最(zui)早也源(yuan)自日本(ben)JIS G 0571~0575-1980。但(dan)日標(biao)在1999年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修訂版(ban)中(zhong)就將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與ISO進行了(le)等同(tong),從(cong)(cong)而(er)將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)大大縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)。GB/T 4334.2-2000、GB/T 4334.3-2000、GB/T 4334.4-2000對(dui)(dui)(dui)低碳和(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)奧(ao)氏體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)出(chu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)后,都(dou)另外(wai)說明(ming)“根據雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)(xie)議,也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”,而(er)在GB/T 4334.1-2000和(he)GB/T 4334.5-2000中(zhong),卻(que)(que)沒有(you)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條款。到了(le)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)中(zhong),則(ze)把所(suo)有(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)統(tong)一(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“對(dui)(dui)(dui)超低碳鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(碳含量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)大于(yu)(yu)(yu)0.03%)和(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)種(zhong)(添(tian)加鈦或(huo)鈮),敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)650℃,壓力加工(gong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)2h,鑄(zhu)件保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)1 h,空冷(leng)(leng)。”而(er)無供(gong)需(xu)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)條款。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)這一(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),從(cong)(cong)各(ge)工(gong)業企業反(fan)饋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見來(lai)看(kan),普遍(bian)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這一(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)過于(yu)(yu)(yu)死板(ban),導致試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)沒有(you)任(ren)何(he)調(diao)整(zheng)空間(jian)(jian)。而(er)實際上,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)牌(pai)號、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)合(he)金含量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang),其第二相(xiang)(xiang)析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)感(gan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是有(you)差異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在一(yi)個固定(ding)(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)顯然不(bu)(bu)夠合(he)理(li),美(mei)(mei)國ASTM A262標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)650~675°C,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)也允許供(gong)需(xu)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)及(ji)隨后冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi),ISO及(ji)日本(ben)JIS標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也提供(gong)了(le)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說,將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)嚴格限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在一(yi)個溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)明(ming)顯地違(wei)背了(le)科(ke)學性原則(ze)。 可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)到: (1) ASTM A262僅(jin)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)650~675°C,對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),但(dan)是推薦(jian)(jian)了(le)一(yi)種(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),即(ji) 675°C,保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)1h; (2) ISO 3651-2提供(gong)了(le)兩種(zhong)供(gong)選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)及(ji)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)均(jun)做出(chu)了(le)明(ming)確(que)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding); (3) JIS G 0575推薦(jian)(jian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),但(dan)特別(bie)說明(ming)“經供(gong)需(xu)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”; (4) GB/T 4334-2008強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)執行一(yi)種(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),即(ji)“650°C,壓力加試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)2h,鑄(zhu)件保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)1h,空冷(leng)(leng)”。 此外(wai),美(mei)(mei)國ASTM A262在銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法(fa)中(zhong),特別(bie)說明(ming)除非需(xu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)特別(bie)聲明(ming),否(fou)則(ze)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)A法(fa)替代本(ben)法(fa),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),這表明(ming) ASTM標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)ISO標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)也是認可(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此,針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)晶間(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)更新版(ban)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)作(zuo)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),考慮到國內長期以(yi)(yi)來(lai)一(yi)些設計(ji)選(xuan)材(cai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)性要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),對(dui)(dui)(dui)奧(ao)氏體不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)維(wei)持推薦(jian)(jian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du);對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)雙相(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang),已有(you)大量(liang)(liang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和(he)研究(jiu)表明(ming),使用(yong)(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)往往造(zao)成(cheng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非晶間(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕開裂,從(cong)(cong)而(er)增加大量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)(liang),因此我們推薦(jian)(jian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍更加廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)ISO3651-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其他不(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang),則(ze)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)是否(fou)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)和(he)采(cai)取何(he)種(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),由產(chan)品標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)或(huo)供(gong)需(xu)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)”。
5. 對65%硝酸法(fa)所用硝酸濃度(du)添加(jia)注釋(shi)說明(ming)
此前研究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)(ming),硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃度(du)對(dui)(dui)試驗結果影響較大。對(dui)(dui)于硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi),老版(ban)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準有(you)(you)專(zhuan)門說明(ming)(ming)。如(ru)(ru)果按(an)要(yao)求配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)65%±0.2%確(que)實比(bi)較困(kun)難(nan),需要(yao)通過(guo)滴定(ding)(ding)來配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi),對(dui)(dui)于企業(ye)來說存在(zai)困(kun)難(nan)。更新(xin)版(ban)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準將在(zai)文末添(tian)加(jia)“(ρ20=1.40g/mL)”以(yi)表(biao)示可以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)比(bi)重(zhong)法間接測定(ding)(ding)所(suo)(suo)配(pei)溶液(ye)濃度(du)是(shi)否符合要(yao)求。 此外,從該方(fang)(fang)法的(de)溶液(ye)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程反饋的(de)情(qing)況看,有(you)(you)些企業(ye)和(he)單位會參照(zhao)美國(guo)ASTM A262中(zhong)的(de)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(比(bi)率為每升濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)添(tian)加(jia)108mL水)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)。但這在(zai)我國(guo)國(guo)情(qing)下是(shi)不可取的(de)。美標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法本身(shen)沒有(you)(you)問(wen)題(ti),問(wen)題(ti)在(zai)于所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)濃度(du)并不相同。國(guo)際標(biao)(biao)(biao)準ISO和(he)美國(guo)ASTM標(biao)(biao)(biao)準中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)于濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)濃度(du)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)69%~71%;而我國(guo)GB/T 626中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)于濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)濃度(du)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)為65%~68%。即所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)初(chu)始濃度(du)就不一(yi)致,如(ru)(ru)果使用(yong)(yong)我國(guo)生產的(de)符合GB/T 626的(de)濃硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)去(qu)按(an)照(zhao)美國(guo)ASTM A626中(zhong)的(de)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法配(pei)出的(de)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃度(du)將明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)低于65%。遂在(zai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準更新(xin)版(ban)中(zhong)添(tian)加(jia)一(yi)了段(duan)注釋:“本標(biao)(biao)(biao)準所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(質(zhi)(zhi)量分數65%~68%),與美國(guo)ASTM A262所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(質(zhi)(zhi)量分數69%~71%)不同,不能(neng)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)ASTM A262所(suo)(suo)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)的(de)配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式來配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)本標(biao)(biao)(biao)準用(yong)(yong)65%硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)。”
6. 對彎曲法的參數進行(xing)了(le)修(xiu)改
GB/T 4334自從第一版(ban)以來(lai)(lai)(lai),就有行(xing)(xing)業(ye)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)中銅-硫(liu)酸銅-16%硫(liu)酸法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)相比(bi)國外(wai)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴(yan)苛(ke),導(dao)致(zhi)對(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭議一直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)。GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定如(ru)下(xia):“壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)180°,焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟形(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿(yan)垂直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)沿(yan)熔(rong)合(he)(he)線進(jin)行(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。鑄(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)90°。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing),當(dang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi),壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)1mm;當(dang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi),壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)5mm。”這(zhe)一規(gui)定最(zui)早沿(yan)用(yong)(yong)自GB 4334.5-1990。當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識是(shi)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)影(ying)響較(jiao)小(xiao),為(wei)(wei)了(le)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)便而統一成兩個壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)。 然(ran)而,近(jin)年來(lai)(lai)(lai)無論是(shi)理(li)(li)論計算還是(shi)實(shi)(shi)際實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)都(dou)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)有很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)厚(hou)(hou)且(qie)本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),采用(yong)(yong)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)出現(xian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)塑(su)(su)性(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)(cha)(cha)而導(dao)致(zhi)開裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,從而增加(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)相檢測工作。例(li)如(ru)大(da)(da)量實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究表(biao)(biao)明(ming),焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塑(su)(su)性(xing)本(ben)(ben)身較(jiao)差(cha)(cha)(cha),即(ji)使(shi)不(bu)(bu)經(jing)(jing)晶間腐蝕試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan),許多材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)稍厚(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)按GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)到(dao)(dao)180°也會(hui)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)變形(xing)超過(guo)其(qi)(qi)塑(su)(su)性(xing)而導(dao)致(zhi)開裂(lie)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)類低(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),ASTM標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)特意聲明(ming),不(bu)(bu)須彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)180°,而是(shi)通過(guo)未經(jing)(jing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)獲得該(gai)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)(bu)產生(sheng)冷(leng)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du),并以此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)作為(wei)(wei)晶間腐蝕試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)后試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)來(lai)(lai)(lai)評定試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)否產生(sheng)晶間腐蝕開裂(lie)。ISO 3651-2對(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍(bei),鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍(bei)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°。 此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai),我國鎳基合(he)(he)金(jin)晶間腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)GB/T 15260-2016對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定是(shi),“壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍(bei),試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)180度(du)(du)(du)”,與(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)同時(shi),也特別說明(ming)“對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)韌(ren)性(xing)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),應通過(guo)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一個與(yu)被試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)相同材(cai)(cai)質及形(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)決定不(bu)(bu)發生(sheng)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)”,這(zhe)與(yu)ASTM A262是(shi)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有行(xing)(xing)業(ye)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)認(ren)為(wei)(wei),標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)性(xing)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科學性(xing)和(he)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)性(xing),而并非(fei)嚴(yan)苛(ke)性(xing)。當(dang)前GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴(yan)苛(ke),導(dao)致(zhi)了(le)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)該(gai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)E往(wang)往(wang)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后期檢驗(yan)工作量,方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)也因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di),遠不(bu)(bu)能滿(man)足當(dang)前工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),結合(he)(he)眾多專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)意見及文獻,參(can)考ASTM A262、ISO 3651-2以及我國GB/T 15260對(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)更改(gai)非(fei)常(chang)有必要(yao)(yao)。 本(ben)(ben)次彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修改(gai)參(can)照(zhao)ISO標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),經(jing)(jing)修改(gai)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei):“壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)180°。鑄(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°,焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟形(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿(yan)垂直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)沿(yan)熔(rong)合(he)(he)線進(jin)行(xing)(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)低(di)韌(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao),可用(yong)(yong)采用(yong)(yong)一個未經(jing)(jing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)確定其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)發生(sheng)開裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du),以此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)作為(wei)(wei)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)。”在(zai)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),保留了(le)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)180°,對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)定彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)由(you)原來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)180°變為(wei)(wei)“不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°”,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)考慮到(dao)(dao)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)較(jiao)差(cha)(cha)(cha),當(dang)前工業(ye)上(shang)對(dui)(dui)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)也常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)90°彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)90°變為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°求(qiu)兼容(rong)了(le)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)前版(ban)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。 此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai),還針對(dui)(dui)低(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)特別說明(ming)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)次變更“對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian),試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)應不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2倍(bei);對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian),試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)應不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍(bei)”,這(zhe)與(yu)ISO標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等同。相對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)ASTM標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)需要(yao)(yao)針對(dui)(dui)每(mei)個厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)采用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)同直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)原來(lai)(lai)(lai)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou),在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定下(xia)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)而言適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)等低(di)塑(su)(su)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)則適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)1.25mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。
7. 對(dui)標(biao)準名稱進行了變更
近年來,由于鐵素體不銹鋼(gang)的晶間腐蝕標準GB/T 31935-2015《金屬和合金的腐蝕 低鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》、GB/T 32571-2016《金屬和合金的腐蝕 高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》先后發布,對于鐵素體不銹鋼而言已經有了獨立的晶間腐蝕試驗標準體系,所以GB/T 4334-2008《金屬和合金的腐蝕 不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》這一名稱已明顯不合適,本次修訂后,GB/T 4334的適用范圍將包括奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼,遂將標準名稱改成“金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法”。