金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)和發展新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)、改(gai)進(jin)材料(liao)質量(liang)、限(xian)度發揮材料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(選用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確保(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)合理(li)以及使(shi)用(yong)維(wei)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠，都是(shi)(shi)必(bi)不可(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)正確地(di)選用(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)儀器、裝備和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確定合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據，并(bing)準確而(er)盡(jin)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)地(di)測(ce)出這種判(pan)據。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)和條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)在使(shi)用(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下所表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為,力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)接近實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又(you)發展出模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即(ji)應(ying)用(yong)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型(xing)，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)真實(shi)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)反映工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際意義。但是(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏普遍(bian)性(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)受到(dao)限(xian)制(zhi)。然而(er)根據具(ju)體情況，進(jin)行(xing)部分模(mo)擬(ni)服役條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設(she)備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形(xing)狀、尺寸(cun)和加工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)、加荷速率、溫度、介質等，均(jun)影響金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)。只有采用(yong)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)標準和測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)和可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)。正確選擇和執行(xing)標準，是(shi)(shi)確保(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)研(yan)究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下所(suo)表現的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)現象。由于作用(yong)力(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態所(suo)處環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受(shou)力(li)(li)后表現出各種不同的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)(di)，通常(chang)用(yong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來表征，如(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)(la)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du) 、伸長率(lv)、沖(chong)擊(ji)韌度(du)、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)服役條件(jian)復雜，因而(er)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也(ye)是(shi)復雜而(er)多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)參數很多，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度(du) 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)按照定(ding)規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li) 拉(la)(la)伸、壓(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲、扭(niu)轉、剪切、復合應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)、按定(ding)規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)(xiang)、徑向(xiang)(xiang)、表面(mian)、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總(zong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)； D 環境(jing) 空(kong)氣(qi)、真空(kong)、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)氛(fen)、腐(fu)蝕(shi)介(jie)質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)、腐(fu)蝕(shi)、核(he)輻照、宇宙空(kong)間(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(lv)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)速(su)率(lv))低(di)(di)(di)速(su)、中速(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)(di)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian))循(xun)環頻(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短(duan)時(shi)、長時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短(duan)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大(da)、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜(mo)、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶缺(que)口、帶預制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂(lie)紋或缺(que)陷(xian)、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根(gen)據(ju)上(shang)述參數，已(yi)形(xing)成下述主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法(fa):抗(kang)拉(la)(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖(chong)擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持(chi)久強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴口、反(fan)復彎(wan)曲、鋼(gang)管(guan)壓(ya)扁、鋼(gang)絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)及(ji)無線電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電子(zi)計算機技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、數字顯示(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電液(ye)伺服控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、近代無損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、儀(yi)(yi)器儀(yi)(yi)表制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)密切相關。60年代以(yi)來,由于這(zhe)些域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到(dao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去(qu)，使(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)、能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)程度(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上(shang)可實現力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)圖表化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)正向(xiang)(xiang)著(zhu)無惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電子(zi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)盤(pan)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電子(zi)計算機)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)邁進(jin)。
