金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和發展新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改進(jin)(jin)(jin)材(cai)料質量、限度發揮(hui)材(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(li)(選用(yong)適(shi)當的(de)(de)許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計合(he)(he)理以(yi)及使用(yong)維護的(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)，都是(shi)(shi)必(bi)不可(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)手段(見(jian)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基(ji)本任務是(shi)(shi)正確(que)地選用(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju)(ju)，并準(zhun)確(que)而(er)盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出這種判(pan)據(ju)(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)切表征金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在使用(yong)(服役(yi))條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)(xia)所(suo)表現的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量接近(jin)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普(pu)(pu)通金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外(wai)，近(jin)年來(lai)又發展出模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，即應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，或(huo)甚至使用(yong)真實機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。通過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)所(suo)得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)據(ju)(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)真實反映工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有重大的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實際意義。但是(shi)(shi)，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)般缺乏(fa)普(pu)(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)受到(dao)(dao)限制。然而(er)根據(ju)(ju)具體情況，進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)部分模擬服役(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸和加工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法、加荷速率、溫度、介質等(deng)，均影響(xiang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有采用(yong)相同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法標準(zhun)和測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選擇和執行(xing)標準(zhun)，是(shi)(shi)確(que)保(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量的(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong) 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下所(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行為和(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由(you)于作(zuo)用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng)(deng))和(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)所(suo)處環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現(xian)出各種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)強(qiang)度等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)，通(tong)常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)(ju)來表征，如(ru)抗拉(la)(la)強(qiang)度 、伸長(chang)率(lv)、沖擊(ji)韌(ren)度、疲勞限(xian)等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)服役條件(jian)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也是復(fu)(fu)雜(za)而多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)參數很多，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)溫和(he)按照定(ding)規律(lv)變化的(de)(de)(de)溫度； B 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)(la)伸、壓縮、彎(wan)曲、扭轉、剪切(qie)、復(fu)(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定(ding)規律(lv)變化的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)變 軸向、徑向、表面、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)變； D 環(huan)境 空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、真空(kong)、控制(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)氛、腐蝕介(jie)質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)(qi)、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕、核輻照、宇宙空(kong)間等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(lv)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)變速(su)率(lv))低(di)速(su)、中速(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)變)循環(huan)頻(pin)率(lv) 低(di)頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間 瞬間、短(duan)時(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短(duan)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長(chang)時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄膜(mo)、環(huan)形(xing)(xing)、C形(xing)(xing)、殊形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預制(zhi)裂紋(wen)或(huo)缺陷、模型(xing)、實物等(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)(ju)上(shang)述參數，已形(xing)(xing)成下述主要的(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗拉(la)(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕(ru)變試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持(chi)久(jiu)強(qiang)度和(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴口、反(fan)復(fu)(fu)彎(wan)曲、鋼管壓扁(bian)、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門(men)綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及(ji)無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動控制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子計算(suan)機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數字顯(xian)示技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺(si)服控制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)變測量技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代(dai)無(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀器儀表制(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密(mi)切(qie)相關。60年代(dai)以來,由(you)于這些域的(de)(de)(de)先進成就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)到(dao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度、能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)自(zi)動化程度顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上(shang)可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)、測量和(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動化和(he)圖表化。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向著(zhu)(zhu)無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子化和(he)盤(pan)自(zi)動化(廣泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)子計算(suan)機)的(de)(de)(de)方向邁進。
