金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)和(he)(he)發展(zhan)新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)材料(liao)、改(gai)進(jin)材料(liao)質量(liang)(liang)、限度發揮材料(liao)潛(qian)力(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)應力(li)(li)、分(fen)析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)故障(zhang)、確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)設計(ji)合理以及使(shi)用(yong)維護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可靠(kao)，都是必(bi)不可少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)任務是正確(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器(qi)、裝備和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并(bing)準確(que)而盡可能(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)切(qie)表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)材料(liao)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下所(suo)表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)應盡量(liang)(liang)接(jie)近實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。除普(pu)通金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(利(li)用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年(nian)來又發展(zhan)出模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應用(yong)機(ji)件(jian)模(mo)型，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)件(jian)，在(zai)模(mo)擬機(ji)件(jian)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所(suo)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)能(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)更(geng)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)反映工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具有(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)意義。但(dan)是，模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏普(pu)遍性(xing)，應用(yong)受到(dao)限制(zhi)。然而根據(ju)具體情況，進(jin)行(xing)部分(fen)模(mo)擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分(fen)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形(xing)狀(zhuang)、尺寸和(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)方法、加荷速率、溫(wen)度、介質等，均影響金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)(guo)。只有(you)采用(yong)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法標準和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)和(he)(he)可比性(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)擇(ze)和(he)(he)執行(xing)標準，是確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)容(rong) 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)所(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由(you)于作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)點(dian)(如(ru)(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)、施(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態(tai)所(suo)處(chu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現(xian)出各(ge)種不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)(ru)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)，通(tong)常用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來(lai)表征，如(ru)(ru)抗(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)(du) 、伸長(chang)(chang)率(lv)、沖擊韌(ren)度(du)(du)、疲(pi)勞(lao)限(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服役條(tiao)件復(fu)雜，因而(er)，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是復(fu)雜而(er)多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)(shu)很(hen)多，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)： A 溫(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)、高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he)(he)按照定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸、壓(ya)(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲、扭轉、剪切、復(fu)合應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)隨機應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向、徑向、表面、彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing) 空(kong)(kong)氣、真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣氛(fen)、腐蝕介質、海水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、腐蝕、核輻照、宇(yu)宙(zhou)空(kong)(kong)間等(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)(或應(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)率(lv))低(di)(di)速(su)(su)(su)、中速(su)(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)(su)、超低(di)(di)速(su)(su)(su)、超高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環(huan)(huan)(huan)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)(shi)間 瞬間、短時(shi)(shi)、長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)、超短時(shi)(shi)、超長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸和(he)(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小(xiao)、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜、環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或缺陷(xian)、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上述(shu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)，已形(xing)成下(xia)述(shu)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬(ying)度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲(pi)勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)(ru)杯突、擴(kuo)口、反復(fu)彎(wan)曲、鋼管壓(ya)(ya)扁、鋼絲(si)纏繞(rao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)，它(ta)與數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以(yi)及無(wu)線電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子計算機技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數(shu)(shu)字顯示(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺服控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代(dai)無(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)密切相關(guan)。60年代(dai)以(yi)來(lai),由(you)于這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成就應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上可(ke)實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參(can)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)圖表化(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向著(zhu)無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)盤自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)子計算機)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向邁進(jin)。
