金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi),對研制(zhi)和發(fa)展新金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)料、改進(jin)材(cai)(cai)料質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、限(xian)度發(fa)揮材(cai)(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的許用(yong)(yong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)故障、確(que)保金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)設(she)計(ji)合(he)理(li)以及使用(yong)(yong)維護的安可(ke)靠,都是必不可(ke)少的手段(duan)(見金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的表(biao)征)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)的基本(ben)任務是正確(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)儀器、裝(zhuang)備(bei)和試(shi)(shi)樣,確(que)定合(he)理(li)的金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju),并準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)而盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)出這種判(pan)據(ju)。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)方法和條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) 為了確(que)切表(biao)征金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)(cai)料在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下所(suo)表(biao)現的行為,力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)接近實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。除普通金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi))外,近年來(lai)又(you)發(fa)展出模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)驗(yan),即應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)機件(jian)模(mo)型(xing),或甚至使用(yong)(yong)真(zhen)實(shi)機件(jian),在(zai)模(mo)擬機件(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通過這種試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所(suo)得到的力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng))判(pan)據(ju),能(neng)(neng)更(geng)真(zhen)實(shi)反(fan)映工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)大(da)的工程實(shi)際(ji)意義。但(dan)是,模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺(que)乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)受到限(xian)制(zhi)。然而根據(ju)具(ju)體情況,進(jin)行部分模(mo)擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)還是十(shi)分必要(yao)的。 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)樣形狀(zhuang)、尺寸(cun)和加(jia)工方法、加(jia)荷速率、溫度、介質(zhi)等,均影(ying)響金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果。只有(you)采用(yong)(yong)相同的試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和測(ce)試(shi)(shi)規程,才能(neng)(neng)保證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果的可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)擇和執行標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),是確(que)保金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。


  測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong) 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的作用(yong)下所(suo)表(biao)(biao)現的行為和(he)(he)發生的現象(xiang)。由(you)于作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的種類、施(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng))和(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)所(suo)處(chu)環境(jing)的不同,金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)(biao)現出各種不同的力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強度(du)等(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的高(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)(di),通(tong)常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據來表(biao)(biao)征(zheng),如(ru)抗拉強度(du) 、伸(shen)長(chang)率、沖擊韌(ren)度(du)、疲勞限等(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件的服役條(tiao)件復雜,因(yin)而,金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是(shi)(shi)復雜而多樣(yang)的。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)的參(can)數(shu)很多,常用(yong)的有: A 溫度(du) 室溫、高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)按照(zhao)定規(gui)律變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的溫度(du); B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸(shen)、壓縮、彎曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切、復合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規(gui)律變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng); C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian) 軸向、徑(jing)向、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian); D 環境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真空、控(kong)制(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐(fu)蝕(shi)介質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓、腐(fu)蝕(shi)、核輻照(zhao)、宇(yu)宙空間(jian)等(deng); E 加荷速(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)速(su)率)低(di)(di)速(su)、中速(su)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)、超(chao)低(di)(di)速(su)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng); F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian))循(xun)環頻(pin)率 低(di)(di)頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等(deng); G 時(shi)(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)短(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)長(chang)時(shi)(shi); H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的尺(chi)寸(cun)和(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預(yu)制(zhi)裂紋或缺陷(xian)、模型、實物(wu)等(deng)。 根據上述參(can)數(shu),已(yi)形(xing)成下述主(zhu)要(yao)的普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法:抗拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛(chi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴口、反復彎曲(qu)、鋼管(guan)壓扁(bian)、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等(deng))等(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科,它與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無(wu)線(xian)電技術(shu)、自動控(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)、電子計算機(ji)技術(shu)、數(shu)字顯示技術(shu)、電液伺服控(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)測(ce)(ce)量技術(shu)、近代無(wu)損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)技術(shu)、儀器儀表(biao)(biao)制(zhi)造技術(shu)等(deng)密切相關。60年代以來,由(you)于這些域的先進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去,使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技術(shu)的精度(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自動化(hua)(hua)程度(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)(gao),基本上可(ke)實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)數(shu)的控(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的自動化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)圖(tu)表(biao)(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技術(shu)正向著(zhu)無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電子化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)盤自動化(hua)(hua)(廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電子計算機(ji))的方向邁進。