金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)和發展新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)、改進(jin)材(cai)料(liao)質量、限度(du)發揮(hui)材(cai)料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)、分析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)設(she)計合(he)理(li)以及使(shi)(shi)用(yong)維護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可靠，都是(shi)必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)征)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)任務(wu)是(shi)正確(que)(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)(que)定合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準(zhun)確(que)(que)而盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)出(chu)這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)和條(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)(que)切表(biao)(biao)征金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(服(fu)役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表(biao)(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為,力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡(jin)量接(jie)近(jin)實(shi)(shi)際工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。除普(pu)通(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來又發展出(chu)模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即應(ying)用(yong)機件(jian)(jian)模型，或甚至使(shi)(shi)用(yong)真實(shi)(shi)機件(jian)(jian)，在(zai)模擬機件(jian)(jian)真實(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)學試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)(shi)反(fan)映工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程實(shi)(shi)際意義(yi)。但是(shi)，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺乏普(pu)遍(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)受到限制(zhi)。然(ran)而根據(ju)具體情況，進(jin)行(xing)部分模擬服(fu)役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸和加工方法(fa)、加荷速率、溫度(du)、介質等，均影(ying)響金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)。只(zhi)有采用(yong)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)和測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)保證(zheng)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和可比(bi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)選(xuan)擇和執行(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)，是(shi)確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)研(yan)究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下所表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)行為和(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。由于作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態等)和(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態所處(chu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各(ge)種不同的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強度(du)等)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)，通常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據來表(biao)征，如(ru)抗(kang)拉強度(du) 、伸長(chang)率、沖(chong)擊韌(ren)度(du)、疲(pi)勞限等。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)件的(de)(de)服役(yi)條(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是(shi)復(fu)雜(za)而多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考慮的(de)(de)參數(shu)很多(duo)(duo)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)有： A 溫度(du) 室(shi)溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)按照定(ding)規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)溫度(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切、復(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定(ding)規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨(sui)機應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表(biao)面(mian)、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)境(jing) 空氣、真(zhen)空、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣氛(fen)、腐蝕(shi)介質(zhi)、海(hai)水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、腐蝕(shi)、核輻照、宇(yu)宙空間(jian)(jian)等； E 加荷速(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)速(su)率)低(di)(di)速(su)、中(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)等； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian))循環(huan)(huan)頻(pin)率 低(di)(di)頻(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等； G 時(shi)間(jian)(jian) 瞬間(jian)(jian)、短時(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長(chang)時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)形狀 般、小、大、棒狀、板狀、管狀、絲(si)狀、薄(bo)膜、環(huan)(huan)形、C形、殊形狀、帶缺口、帶預制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或缺陷、模型、實物等。 根據上述參數(shu)，已形成下述主要(yao)的(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖(chong)擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲(pi)勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持(chi)久強度(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴口、反復(fu)彎(wan)曲(qu)、鋼管壓(ya)(ya)(ya)扁(bian)、鋼絲(si)纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等)等。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以及無(wu)(wu)線電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電子(zi)(zi)計算機技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯示技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電液伺服控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、近(jin)代無(wu)(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀器儀表(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等密切相關。60年代以來,由于這(zhe)些(xie)域的(de)(de)先進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)精度(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)程度(du)顯著(zhu)(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數(shu)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)和(he)(he)圖表(biao)化(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著(zhu)(zhu)無(wu)(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)電子(zi)(zi)化(hua)和(he)(he)盤(pan)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電子(zi)(zi)計算機)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)邁進。
