金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和發(fa)展(zhan)新金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)材料、改(gai)進(jin)材料質量、限度發(fa)揮材料潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適(shi)當的(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計合(he)理(li)以及使(shi)用(yong)(yong)維(wei)護的(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠，都是必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本任(ren)務是正確(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)(bei)和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據，并準(zhun)確(que)而盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)地測(ce)(ce)出這(zhe)種判據。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)和條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)材料在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下所表現的(de)(de)行(xing)為,力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡量接近(jin)實際工作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來(lai)又發(fa)展(zhan)出模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即應(ying)用(yong)(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模型，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)(yong)真(zhen)實機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實工作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通過這(zhe)種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所得到(dao)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實反映工作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有重大的(de)(de)工程實際意義。但是，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺(que)乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)受到(dao)限制。然(ran)而根據具體情況(kuang)，進(jin)行(xing)部分模擬服役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設(she)備(bei)(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形(xing)狀、尺寸(cun)和加工方法(fa)、加荷速率、溫度、介質等(deng)，均影(ying)響(xiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有采用(yong)(yong)相同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方法(fa)標準(zhun)和測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)擇和執行(xing)標準(zhun)，是確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量的(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong) 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下所(suo)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由(you)于(yu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng))和(he)(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)所(suo)處(chu)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)出各種不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(如彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強度(du)(du)(du)等(deng))。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)(di)，通常用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來(lai)表(biao)(biao)征，如抗(kang)(kang)拉(la)(la)強度(du)(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長率、沖擊韌度(du)(du)(du)、疲(pi)勞限(xian)等(deng)。 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役(yi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)復(fu)雜，因而，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)也是(shi)(shi)復(fu)雜而多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)需要考(kao)慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)很多(duo)，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度(du)(du)(du) 室溫、高(gao)溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)(he)(he)按照(zhao)定規律(lv)變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)(la)伸(shen)、壓縮、彎(wan)曲、扭(niu)(niu)轉(zhuan)、剪切、復(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規律(lv)變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變 軸(zhou)向(xiang)、徑(jing)向(xiang)、表(biao)(biao)面、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總(zong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變； D 環(huan)境(jing) 空氣、真空、控制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐蝕介(jie)質、海水、水蒸(zheng)氣、高(gao)壓、腐蝕、核輻照(zhao)、宇宙空間等(deng)； E 加荷速率(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變速率)低(di)(di)速、中(zhong)速、高(gao)速、超(chao)低(di)(di)速、超(chao)高(gao)速等(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變)循環(huan)頻(pin)率 低(di)(di)頻(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)、高(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)、超(chao)高(gao)頻(pin)等(deng)； G 時(shi)間 瞬間、短(duan)時(shi)、長時(shi)、超(chao)短(duan)時(shi)、超(chao)長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)尺寸和(he)(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄膜、環(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口(kou)、帶(dai)預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)裂(lie)紋或(huo)缺陷、模型、實(shi)(shi)物等(deng)。 根據(ju)上述(shu)參(can)數(shu)，已形(xing)成下述(shu)主要的(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa):抗(kang)(kang)拉(la)(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲(pi)勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂(lie)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭(niu)(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴口(kou)、反復(fu)彎(wan)曲、鋼管(guan)壓扁、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng))等(deng)。 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)科，它與數(shu)學(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)、物理學(xue)、金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)以及無(wu)線(xian)電技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、自動控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電子(zi)計算(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、數(shu)字顯(xian)示技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電液伺(si)服(fu)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變測(ce)(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、近代無(wu)損檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)等(deng)密切相(xiang)關。60年代以來(lai),由(you)于(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)先進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)到金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)自動化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)顯(xian)著提高(gao)，基本上可實(shi)(shi)現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自動化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)圖表(biao)(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)正向(xiang)著無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電子(zi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)盤自動化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)電子(zi)計算(suan)機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)邁進。
