根據電化學腐蝕原理,腐蝕過程中產生的電流大小可以代表腐蝕速率。由于陽極極化和陰極極化使腐蝕電池電位減小,從而降低腐蝕速率。產生陽極極化的主要原因是在腐蝕過程中,當溶液中有氧化劑時,在陽極表面產生了保護性的氧化膜,使金屬鈍化。其電位正移可達0.2~2V,可使腐蝕速率降低幾個數量級。


 工業上廣泛應用的(de)鐵、鉻(ge)、鎳(nie)、鈦及(ji)其合金的(de)活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)-鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線具有特殊的(de)形式(shi),它們的(de)活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)-鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)轉變的(de)陽(yang)極(ji)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線如圖(tu)9.1所(suo)示。圖(tu)中有三個不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)行為(wei)區域:活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)區A、鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)區P和過(guo)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)區T。由于極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)作用,隨著腐蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)度的(de)增加,陽(yang)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)E。升高,當陽(yang)極(ji)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線達到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)大值,相(xiang)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)Ep,電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)度為(wei)Ip時,產(chan)生了陽(yang)極(ji)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),陽(yang)極(ji)過(guo)程受到(dao)(dao)極(ji)大障礙,此(ci)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)度突然下降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)值I最(zui)(zui)小(xiao),Ep稱為(wei)初始(shi)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei),Ip稱為(wei)臨界電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)度。在很寬的(de)陽(yang)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)范(fan)圍內極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時,一直保持I最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)的(de)腐蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)度,此(ci)時腐蝕速(su)率(lv)大大降(jiang)低,陽(yang)極(ji)處于鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)區P。


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 陽極電位超過Er后,腐蝕(shi)電流又(you)增加,這種現象稱為(wei)過鈍化(hua)。ET稱為(wei)過鈍化(hua)電位,陽極處于過鈍化(hua)區T,此時金屬的腐蝕(shi)速率又(you)增加。


 根據具有活(huo)化(hua)(hua)-鈍(dun)化(hua)(hua)轉變(bian)的金(jin)屬或合金(jin)的陽(yang)極極化(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線和陰極極化(hua)(hua)曲(qu)線的相對位置,可以(yi)分(fen)析該金(jin)屬和合金(jin)鈍(dun)化(hua)(hua)狀(zhuang)態的穩定(ding)性。