一、我國傳統(tong)模(mo)式
1. 國(guo)家投(tou)資 設(she)計、采購、施(shi)工分階(jie)段分部(bu)門完成。建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)成立建設(she)指揮部(bu)代表業(ye)主(zhu)負責整個項目建設(she)過程(cheng)中的設(she)計協調(diao)、物資采購、施(shi)工管(guan)理等,項目建設(she)基本(ben)完成后交付(fu)生產單(dan)位(wei)(中交)管(guan)理,進行開工準備。投(tou)料試車(che)并(bing)考核合格后經(jing)過國(guo)家相(xiang)關的部(bu)門(包括地方(fang)的安全消防(fang)、環保等)驗(yan)收(shou)合格后,正式進入生產階(jie)段。
2. 企業(ye)自(zi)有資(zi)(zi)金和(he)銀行貸(dai)款、股(gu)份制(zhi)投資(zi)(zi)等 業(ye)主(zhu)負責(ze)招標或委(wei)(wei)托設計、采購、施工單(dan)位(wei)(wei),各單(dan)位(wei)(wei)分(fen)階段完成(cheng)(cheng)各自(zi)工作。業(ye)主(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目部,任命(ming)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目經理負責(ze)整個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目建設過(guo)程中的設計協調(diao)、物資(zi)(zi)采購、施工管理等,由監理單(dan)位(wei)(wei)或委(wei)(wei)托有資(zi)(zi)質的工程管理單(dan)位(wei)(wei)負責(ze)現場(chang)的施工管理等工作。
二、設(she)計、采購、施工承包模(mo)式
1. 交鑰(yao)匙總承(cheng)包(engineering procurement construction,EPC) 是指承(cheng)包商(shang)按照合(he)同約定,負(fu)責工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的設計、采購、施工(gong)(gong)安(an)裝(zhuang)和(he)試運行(xing)服務全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng),向業(ye)主(zhu)交付具(ju)備(bei)使用條件的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),并對承(cheng)包工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的質量(liang)、安(an)全(quan)、工(gong)(gong)期、造價全(quan)面負(fu)責,最(zui)終(zhong)向業(ye)主(zhu)提交一個滿(man)足使用功能、具(ju)備(bei)使用條件的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)。
2. 設(she)計(ji)-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(D-B)模(mo)式,是指工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)企業(ye)按照合同(tong)約定,承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目設(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong),并對承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)質量、安全、工(gong)(gong)期、造價全面負責。根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)不(bu)同(tong)規模(mo)、類型和(he)業(ye)主要求(qiu),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)還可采用設(she)計(ji)(E)、設(she)計(ji)-采購(gou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(E-P)、采購(gou)-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(P-C)等模(mo)式。
如果采用的(de)(de)(de)模式下,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)設(she)(she)計是分(fen)離的(de)(de)(de),雙方(fang)難以及時協調,常(chang)常(chang)產生造(zao)(zao)價和(he)使用功能上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)損失。在建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價上(shang)(shang),設(she)(she)計對(dui)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)占80%以上(shang)(shang),降(jiang)低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價,最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)就在于設(she)(she)計。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承包模式下,設(she)(she)計和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)深度(du)交叉,能夠在保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)前提下最大限度(du)地(di)降(jiang)低成本。
工程應用:不(bu)清(qing)楚項目(mu)模式而造成的損失
某交(jiao)鑰匙總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)項目(mu)(固定總(zong)(zong)價合同),在設(she)(she)計(ji)過程(cheng)中,項目(mu)管理業主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)提出(chu)了(le)一系列(lie)的(de)(de)修改(gai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案,例如:增加360m長管廊、隔(ge)熱設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)隔(ge)熱層(ceng)和(he)防(fang)護層(ceng)修改(gai)為較(jiao)昂貴的(de)(de)材料等,由于配管設(she)(she)計(ji)仍然按照(zhao)純設(she)(she)計(ji)(E)模式的(de)(de)項目(mu)思路進(jin)行設(she)(she)計(ji),沒有進(jin)行記(ji)錄,完(wan)全照(zhao)業主(zhu)的(de)(de)新方(fang)(fang)(fang)案修改(gai),與簽項目(mu)合同和(he)總(zong)(zong)價時(shi)的(de)(de)配管設(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案相(xiang)比(bi),增加了(le)很大(da)一筆(bi)費用,造成了(le)項目(mu)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)很大(da)的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。

