一、我國傳(chuan)統模式(shi)
1. 國家(jia)投資 設(she)(she)計(ji)、采(cai)購(gou)(gou)、施工(gong)分(fen)階段(duan)分(fen)部(bu)門(men)完(wan)成。建設(she)(she)單位(wei)成立建設(she)(she)指揮部(bu)代表業主(zhu)負(fu)責(ze)整個項目建設(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)中的設(she)(she)計(ji)協調、物資采(cai)購(gou)(gou)、施工(gong)管(guan)理等,項目建設(she)(she)基本完(wan)成后交付生產單位(wei)(中交)管(guan)理,進行開(kai)工(gong)準(zhun)備。投料試車并考核(he)合格后經過(guo)國家(jia)相(xiang)關的部(bu)門(men)(包括地(di)方的安全消(xiao)防、環保等)驗收(shou)合格后,正式進入生產階段(duan)。
2. 企業(ye)自(zi)有(you)資金和銀行(xing)貸款、股份制投資等 業(ye)主(zhu)負(fu)責(ze)招標(biao)或委托設(she)計(ji)、采購、施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)位,各(ge)(ge)單(dan)位分(fen)階段完(wan)成各(ge)(ge)自(zi)工作(zuo)。業(ye)主(zhu)成立項目(mu)部,任命(ming)項目(mu)經理(li)(li)(li)負(fu)責(ze)整(zheng)個項目(mu)建設(she)過程中的設(she)計(ji)協調(diao)、物資采購、施(shi)(shi)工管理(li)(li)(li)等,由監理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)位或委托有(you)資質的工程管理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)位負(fu)責(ze)現場的施(shi)(shi)工管理(li)(li)(li)等工作(zuo)。
二(er)、設計、采購、施工(gong)承包模(mo)式
1. 交鑰匙總承包(bao)(engineering procurement construction,EPC) 是指(zhi)承包(bao)商(shang)按照合同(tong)約定,負(fu)責工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目的設(she)計、采購、施工(gong)安裝和試運行服務全過(guo)程(cheng),向業主交付具(ju)備使(shi)用(yong)條件(jian)的工(gong)程(cheng),并對承包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)的質量(liang)、安全、工(gong)期、造價全面(mian)負(fu)責,最終(zhong)向業主提交一個滿足使(shi)用(yong)功能、具(ju)備使(shi)用(yong)條件(jian)的工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目。
2. 設(she)計(ji)-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(D-B)模式,是指(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)企業按照合同約定(ding),承(cheng)擔工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)設(she)計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),并(bing)對(dui)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的質量、安全、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、造價(jia)全面負責。根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的不同規模、類型和業主(zhu)要求,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)還可采用設(she)計(ji)(E)、設(she)計(ji)-采購(gou)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(E-P)、采購(gou)-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(P-C)等模式。
如果采用的(de)模(mo)式(shi)下(xia),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)設計(ji)是分(fen)離的(de),雙(shuang)方難(nan)以(yi)及時協調,常常產(chan)生造(zao)價和(he)(he)使用功能上的(de)損(sun)失。在建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)造(zao)價上,設計(ji)對造(zao)價的(de)影響占(zhan)80%以(yi)上,降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價,最重要的(de)階段就在于設計(ji)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承包模(mo)式(shi)下(xia),設計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)深度交(jiao)叉,能夠(gou)在保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)前提下(xia)最大限度地降低成本。
工程應用:不清楚項目(mu)模式而(er)造成的(de)損失
某交鑰匙(chi)總承包項目(固定總價合同),在(zai)設計(ji)過程中,項目管(guan)(guan)理業主方(fang)提(ti)出了(le)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)修改(gai)方(fang)案(an),例如:增加(jia)360m長管(guan)(guan)廊、隔熱(re)設計(ji)的(de)(de)隔熱(re)層和(he)防護層修改(gai)為較昂貴的(de)(de)材(cai)料等(deng),由于配(pei)管(guan)(guan)設計(ji)仍然按照(zhao)純設計(ji)(E)模式的(de)(de)項目思(si)路進行(xing)設計(ji),沒有進行(xing)記錄,完全照(zhao)業主的(de)(de)新方(fang)案(an)修改(gai),與簽項目合同和(he)總價時的(de)(de)配(pei)管(guan)(guan)設計(ji)方(fang)案(an)相比(bi),增加(jia)了(le)很大一(yi)筆(bi)費用,造成了(le)項目總承包方(fang)很大的(de)(de)損失(shi)。