全(quan)球核(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)已發展(zhan)至四(si)代,我國核(he)(he)(he)電裝(zhuang)備發展(zhan)歷經30余年,從(cong)獨立(li)探(tan)索、技術(shu)引 進(jin)(jin)到(dao)實(shi)現自主(zhu)研(yan)制(zhi)。相(xiang)比(bi)傳統(tong)石化(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)和其(qi)他(ta)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan),核(he)(he)(he)電具備清潔(jie)、低排放(fang)、 輸出穩定等優勢(shi)。自20世紀50年代至今(jin),目前全(quan)球已發展(zhan)四(si)代核(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong),逐(zhu)步向更(geng) 加安全(quan)、可(ke)持續(xu)方向發展(zhan)。我國核(he)(he)(he)電經歷了從(cong)獨立(li)探(tan)索向引進(jin)(jin)國外先進(jin)(jin)技術(shu)及自主(zhu) 化(hua)(hua)轉變(bian),目前已掌握自主(zhu)三代核(he)(he)(he)電技術(shu)。
目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)在(zai)運行(xing)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)遠(yuan)低于(yu)美國(guo)、法國(guo),在(zai)建核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)規模位(wei)(wei)居世(shi)界(jie)首位(wei)(wei)。根 據World Nuclear Association、中(zhong)國(guo)核(he)(he)能行(xing)業協會、中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯數據,截至2022年(nian)9月底(di), 全球已運行(xing)的核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)中(zhong)我(wo)國(guo)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)位(wei)(wei)居全球第三位(wei)(wei),但與前(qian)兩名國(guo)家相比(bi), 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)差距較大,其中(zhong)法國(guo)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)是我(wo)國(guo)的1.1倍,美國(guo)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang) 是我(wo)國(guo)的近1.7倍。在(zai)建核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規模方面,我(wo)國(guo)在(zai)建裝機(ji)量(liang)位(wei)(wei)居全球首位(wei)(wei),且遠(yuan)高于(yu)其 他國(guo)家,2010-2021年(nian)年(nian)均新(xin)增(zeng)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)規模約(yue)4000MW。
從核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機規(gui)劃來(lai)看(kan),目前(qian)(qian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機缺(que)口較大,未(wei)(wei)來(lai)5-10年有(you)望持續建(jian)設(she)。根 據中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聯(lian)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業“十(shi)四五”發展規(gui)劃研(yan)究》,2025年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)將(jiang)實現核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機 70000MW的目標。根據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)能協會(hui)數據,在(zai)(zai)已(yi)投(tou)運(yun)方面,截至(zhi)2022年9月,我(wo)國(guo)(guo) 運(yun)行核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組共有(you)54臺,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機容量約55806MW。因此,當前(qian)(qian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機政策 需求缺(que)口總(zong)計約14194MW。根據World Nuclear Association數據,截至(zhi)2022年12月, 我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)規(gui)模總(zong)計約22867MW,參考在(zai)(zai)建(jian)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目建(jian)設(she)規(gui)劃,核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開工(gong)至(zhi)并(bing)網 通常需要5年左右。總(zong)體來(lai)看(kan),預計未(wei)(wei)來(lai)5年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)設(she)規(gui)模空間較大、持續性(xing)強。
蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)發生器是核(he)(he)能系統關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)設備,對(dui)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的安全運行十分重要(yao)。根據姜(jiang)素(su)云(yun)《核(he)(he) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)蒸(zheng)(zheng)發器用(yong)傳熱管(guan)生產工藝簡介》,在核(he)(he)能系統中,蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)發生器的主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)是通過管(guan) 束(shu)的換熱作用(yong)產生高品質(zhi)干燥(zao)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi),通過主(zhu)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)管(guan)道來驅動汽(qi)輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由(you) 于(yu)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)回路冷卻劑流經堆芯(xin)帶有(you)放射性,因此(ci)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)發生器也(ye)用(yong)于(yu)防止(zhi)放射性物質(zhi) 外泄。壓水堆核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的非計劃停堆次(ci)數中約有(you)四分之一(yi)(yi)與蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)發生器問題有(you)關(guan)(guan),因 此(ci)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)發生器對(dui)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的安全運行十分重要(yao)。
核電蒸發器用 U型(xing)傳熱管主要作用是隔離和傳熱,材料可靠性要求高。
1. 作用: 核電蒸發器用傳熱管(guan)均選用 U 型管(guan),核心作用是(shi)隔離(li)和傳熱,即在內表面(mian)流通的(de)是(shi) 帶放射(she)性的(de)熱量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)一(yi)回(hui)路工質水(shui),在外表面(mian)流通的(de)是(shi)取自自然界的(de)海(hai)水(shui)或河(he)水(shui) 經必要處理的(de)用來產生(sheng)蒸汽(qi)的(de)二回(hui)路工質水(shui),通過它將(jiang)一(yi)回(hui)路水(shui)的(de)熱能傳導給二回(hui) 路水(shui)并(bing)使其變(bian)成蒸汽(qi)。
3. 要求:其可靠性(xing)直接(jie)影(ying)響到(dao)核電廠的安全(quan)性(xing)與(yu)經濟性(xing), 因此(ci)傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)管(guan)應(ying)具(ju)備下列(lie)性(xing)能(neng): 熱(re)(re)強性(xing)、熱(re)(re)穩定(ding)性(xing)和(he)熱(re)(re)焊接(jie)性(xing)能(neng)好; 基(ji)體組織穩定(ding)、熱(re)(re) 導率高、熱(re)(re)膨(peng)脹系數小(xiao); 抗(kang)均(jun)勻腐(fu)蝕和(he)抗(kang)局部腐(fu)蝕能(neng)力(li)強; 具(ju)有足夠的塑性(xing)和(he)韌性(xing)。

