1. 不銹鋼化學鍍銅的(de)應(ying)用(yong)
不銹鋼(gang)化學鍍(du)銅應用(yong)于電(dian)子工(gong)(gong)業、計算機工(gong)(gong)業及航空(kong)工(gong)(gong)業中電(dian)子元件(jian)的高效電(dian)磁干擾的屏(ping)蔽。
2. 不銹鋼基體上化學鍍銅存在的問題
在線亞洲日產一區二區:不銹鋼基體上化學鍍銅易造成鍍層鼓泡，這不僅影響了鍍層與基體的結合力，而且直接影響到外觀質量。為此，將鍍前酸處理過的不銹鋼放在烘箱中加熱，以除去酸洗時滲入到基體的氫，采用此方法解決了鍍層起泡問題，得到所需要的化學鍍銅層。
3. 不銹鋼化學鍍(du)銅工藝流程(cheng)
NiCr不銹鋼（經過600℃真空熱(re)處(chu)理(li)）→化學除油［氫氧化鈉（NaOH)10%(質(zhi)量分(fen)數(shu)）］→水(shui)洗(xi)→熱(re)水(shui)洗(xi)→除銹（鹽酸(suan)(suan)1:1溶液，溫度80~100℃,時(shi)間(jian)(jian)5min)→水(shui)洗(xi)→干燥(zao)→除氫（在烘(hong)箱中(zhong)溫度200℃,時(shi)間(jian)(jian)2h)→酸(suan)(suan)處(chu)理(li)［稀硫酸(suan)(suan)5%(質(zhi)量分(fen)數(shu)），時(shi)間(jian)(jian)1~5min]→水(shui)洗(xi)→去(qu)離子(zi)水(shui)洗(xi)→化學鍍(du)銅→水(shui)洗(xi)→抗銅變色(se)處(chu)理(li)（苯并三氮唑1g/L,溫度65℃,時(shi)間(jian)(jian)2min)→純水(shui)洗(xi)→熱(re)純水(shui)洗(xi)→干燥(zao)。
4. 化學鍍銅(tong)溶液成分及工藝條件見(jian)表4-39
5. 化學鍍銅溶液的配制
先將(jiang)硫酸銅(tong)(tong)和酒石酸鉀鈉分別用純(chun)水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)，然后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)硫酸銅(tong)(tong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)下加(jia)(jia)入酒石酸鉀鈉溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)中，銅(tong)(tong)離(li)子(zi)(zi)被酒石酸離(li)子(zi)(zi)絡合成(cheng)藍(lan)色絡合物。再(zai)將(jiang)氯化鎳(nie)用少量水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)后(hou)(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)加(jia)(jia)入，再(zai)加(jia)(jia)入甲醛溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)，攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)均勻。將(jiang)氫氧化鈉用純(chun)水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)成(cheng)200g/L 的(de)濃溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)待(dai)用。在(zai)(zai)開(kai)始化學鍍(du)銅(tong)(tong)前，逐步在(zai)(zai)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)下加(jia)(jia)入藍(lan)色絡合液(ye)中，使溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)pH達到12 左右（用9~13精密pH試(shi)紙測量），最后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)穩定劑亞鐵氯化鉀、聚乙二醇用少量水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)后(hou)(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)加(jia)(jia)入，乙醇可(ke)直接加(jia)(jia)入，最后(hou)(hou)用純(chun)水加(jia)(jia)入至溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)規定體積，攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)均勻后(hou)(hou)放(fang)入不銹鋼件即可(ke)開(kai)始化學鍍(du)銅(tong)(tong)。
6. 操作要點
①. 裝載量
按照每升鍍液裝載2d㎡計算。
②. 除(chu)氫和攪拌
不(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)對氫(qing)(qing)(qing)滲很(hen)敏感，工(gong)(gong)件在(zai)酸(suan)洗(xi)過(guo)程中(zhong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)滲人到基(ji)體(ti)中(zhong)，如果不(bu)(bu)除(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)致密小(xiao)孔覆蓋(gai)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面后(hou)(hou)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣無法逸出，造成很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力，使鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)起(qi)泡(pao)(pao)，加上(shang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)本身伴隨著析(xi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)殘留在(zai)基(ji)體(ti)與(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)金屬的(de)(de)(de)晶格(ge)中(zhong)，增大(da)(da)內應(ying)力，嚴重地減弱基(ji)體(ti)與(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)結合(he)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)。為此，從兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)面著手(shou)解決鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)起(qi)泡(pao)(pao)問題。其(qi)一(yi)是把經過(guo)去(qu)油、酸(suan)洗(xi)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)件在(zai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)前(qian)進行熱處(chu)理，除(chu)去(qu)滲入(ru)到基(ji)體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，熱處(chu)理溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)條件經實驗確定(ding)為180~200℃,2小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)無鼓泡(pao)(pao)，鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)結合(he)力合(he)格(ge)。溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)低或時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過(guo)短仍有(you)(you)(you)輕微鼓泡(pao)(pao)，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)高或時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過(guo)長(chang)都容易使表(biao)(biao)(biao)面再次(ci)生(sheng)成不(bu)(bu)易去(qu)除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)皮，又(you)需要較長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)強酸(suan)處(chu)理，酸(suan)洗(xi)時(shi)(shi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)再次(ci)滲入(ru)基(ji)體(ti)。在(zai)所選定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)下雖表(biao)(biao)(biao)面會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)新的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膜生(sheng)成，但使用稀硫(liu)酸(suan)短時(shi)(shi)間(jian)酸(suan)洗(xi)即可(ke)，以免再次(ci)滲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)。其(qi)二是在(zai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)過(guo)程中(zhong)，采(cai)用某種攪拌（空氣攪拌或機械攪拌），有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)離子(zi)向工(gong)(gong)件表(biao)(biao)(biao)面擴散，防(fang)止(zhi)和(he)減少(shao)副(fu)反應(ying)產物銅(tong)(tong)粉（即Cu2O)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成，而且(qie)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)反應(ying)產物氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣脫離工(gong)(gong)件表(biao)(biao)(biao)面。通過(guo)上(shang)述(shu)兩(liang)種方(fang)(fang)法有(you)(you)(you)效地解決了鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)鼓泡(pao)(pao)問題，提高了鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)與(yu)(yu)基(ji)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)結合(he)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)。
③. 催化活性劑-鎳(nie)離子
在(zai)化(hua)學鍍銅(tong)溶液中加入少量鎳(nie)離子后，鍍層(ceng)性(xing)質得到改善，在(zai)鍍銅(tong)層(ceng)中含(han)有微量的(de)(de)鎳(nie)，形成Cu89Ni11金屬化(hua)合物，它具有最佳的(de)(de)催化(hua)活性(xing)，提高鍍層(ceng)的(de)(de)催化(hua)活性(xing)。
④. 穩定劑的控(kong)制
在化(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過程中(zhong)，甲醛(quan)能將二價銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)離子還原為(wei)金(jin)屬銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)，還存在有副反應(ying)，即不完全反應(ying)生成(cheng)暗紅色的氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（Cu2O),它形成(cheng)微粒懸浮在鍍(du)(du)液中(zhong)，呈膠體(ti)(ti)狀態(tai)，極(ji)(ji)難用過濾除去，若與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共沉積(ji)，使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)疏松(song)粗糙，與(yu)基體(ti)(ti)結(jie)合力極(ji)(ji)差。氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被(bei)甲醛(quan)還原成(cheng)金(jin)屬微粒，又成(cheng)為(wei)自催化(hua)中(zhong)心，使(shi)鍍(du)(du)液自發分解，消耗了(le)鍍(du)(du)液中(zhong)的有效成(cheng)分。為(wei)了(le)抑制副反應(ying)的發生，加入穩定劑，以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)鍍(du)(du)液的穩定性(xing)。但是(shi)，過量(liang)的穩定劑的加人(ren)，又成(cheng)了(le)化(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)反應(ying)的催化(hua)毒(du)性(xing)劑，顯(xian)著降(jiang)低化(hua)學鍍(du)(du)的速率，甚至停鍍(du)(du)，故選用穩定劑，并控制其(qi)很低的適宜含量(liang)，對提(ti)高(gao)鍍(du)(du)液穩定性(xing)有效。
⑤. 防銅層變色處理
對銅層(ceng)進行防(fang)變色(se)處理(li)，在(zai)鍍(du)銅層(ceng)表面形成一(yi)層(ceng)穩定的絡合(he)膜，隔絕外(wai)界浸蝕(shi)性物質對鍍(du)銅層(ceng)的作(zuo)用(yong)，使鍍(du)銅層(ceng)保持本色(se)一(yi)定的時間。苯并三(san)氮唑(zuo)要(yao)先用(yong)乙醇溶(rong)解好，然后(hou)加入熱蒸餾水中。防(fang)變色(se)處理(li)的溫度不低于(yu)65℃,時間不少(shao)于(yu)2min,否(fou)則防(fang)變色(se)達(da)不到效果。
7. 鍍層(ceng)結(jie)合強度檢測－劃痕實驗法
在鍍層(ceng)表(biao)面(mian)用刀片劃出1mm間距的直行(xing)線(xian)(xian)和90°交錯的橫行(xing)線(xian)(xian)形成小方格。觀察劃痕交錯處鍍層(ceng)有(you)無起層(ceng)，進一步用黏性高(gao)的膠帶貼于劃痕表(biao)面(mian)，再(zai)撕下膠帶，以銅層(ceng)不(bu)脫落為合格。
8. 不銹(xiu)鋼化學鍍銅常見故障、可能原因及糾正方法(fa)見表4-40.
