1. 不銹(xiu)鋼化學鍍(du)銅(tong)的應用
不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼化學鍍(du)銅應(ying)用于電(dian)子工業、計算(suan)機工業及航空工業中電(dian)子元件的(de)高(gao)效電(dian)磁干擾的(de)屏(ping)蔽。
2. 不銹鋼(gang)基(ji)體(ti)上化(hua)學鍍銅存在的問題
在線亞洲日產一區二區:不銹鋼基體上化學鍍銅易造成鍍層鼓泡，這不僅影響了鍍層與基體的結合力，而且直接影響到外觀質量。為此，將鍍前酸處理過的不銹鋼放在烘箱中加熱，以除去酸洗時滲入到基體的氫，采用此方法解決了鍍層起泡問題，得到所需要的化學鍍銅層。
3. 不銹(xiu)鋼化學鍍銅工藝流程(cheng)
NiCr不銹鋼(gang)（經(jing)過600℃真空熱處(chu)(chu)理）→化學(xue)除油［氫氧(yang)化鈉（NaOH)10%(質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分數(shu)）］→水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→熱水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→除銹（鹽酸1:1溶液，溫(wen)度80~100℃,時間(jian)5min)→水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→干燥(zao)→除氫（在烘箱中溫(wen)度200℃,時間(jian)2h)→酸處(chu)(chu)理［稀硫酸5%(質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分數(shu)），時間(jian)1~5min]→水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→去離子水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→化學(xue)鍍銅→水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→抗銅變色處(chu)(chu)理（苯并三氮唑1g/L,溫(wen)度65℃,時間(jian)2min)→純水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→熱純水(shui)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)→干燥(zao)。
4. 化學鍍銅(tong)溶液成分及工藝條件見(jian)表(biao)4-39
5. 化學鍍(du)銅溶液的配制(zhi)
先將硫酸銅(tong)和酒(jiu)石(shi)酸鉀(jia)鈉(na)(na)分別用(yong)(yong)純(chun)水溶(rong)解(jie)，然(ran)后(hou)將硫酸銅(tong)溶(rong)液在攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)下加(jia)入(ru)酒(jiu)石(shi)酸鉀(jia)鈉(na)(na)溶(rong)液中，銅(tong)離子(zi)被酒(jiu)石(shi)酸離子(zi)絡(luo)合成藍色(se)絡(luo)合物。再將氯化(hua)鎳(nie)用(yong)(yong)少(shao)量(liang)水溶(rong)解(jie)后(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)加(jia)入(ru)，再加(jia)入(ru)甲(jia)醛(quan)溶(rong)液，攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)均勻。將氫氧化(hua)鈉(na)(na)用(yong)(yong)純(chun)水溶(rong)解(jie)成200g/L 的濃(nong)溶(rong)液待用(yong)(yong)。在開始化(hua)學鍍銅(tong)前，逐(zhu)步(bu)在攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)下加(jia)入(ru)藍色(se)絡(luo)合液中，使溶(rong)液pH達到12 左右（用(yong)(yong)9~13精密pH試紙測(ce)量(liang)），最后(hou)將穩定劑(ji)亞(ya)鐵(tie)氯化(hua)鉀(jia)、聚(ju)乙二醇用(yong)(yong)少(shao)量(liang)水溶(rong)解(jie)后(hou)攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)加(jia)入(ru)，乙醇可直接(jie)加(jia)入(ru)，最后(hou)用(yong)(yong)純(chun)水加(jia)入(ru)至(zhi)溶(rong)液的規定體積(ji)，攪(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)均勻后(hou)放入(ru)不銹鋼件即可開始化(hua)學鍍銅(tong)。
6. 操作要點
①. 裝載(zai)量(liang)
按照(zhao)每升鍍液裝載(zai)2d㎡計算。
②. 除(chu)氫和攪拌
不銹鋼(gang)對氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)滲(shen)(shen)很敏感，工件(jian)在(zai)(zai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)洗(xi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)滲(shen)(shen)人(ren)到基(ji)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)，如果不除氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，化(hua)(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層致密小(xiao)孔(kong)覆蓋在(zai)(zai)不銹鋼(gang)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)后(hou)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣無法(fa)逸出，造成(cheng)很大的應(ying)力，使鍍(du)(du)層起泡(pao)，加上化(hua)(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)本身(shen)伴隨(sui)著析氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程(cheng)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣會(hui)殘(can)留在(zai)(zai)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)與鍍(du)(du)層金屬的晶格中(zhong)(zhong)，增大內應(ying)力，嚴(yan)重(zhong)地減弱基(ji)體(ti)(ti)與鍍(du)(du)層的結(jie)合強度(du)(du)(du)(du)。為此(ci)，從兩(liang)方面(mian)著手解決鍍(du)(du)層起泡(pao)問題。其(qi)一(yi)是把經(jing)(jing)過(guo)去(qu)油、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)洗(xi)后(hou)的工件(jian)在(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)前進行熱(re)處理(li)(li)，除去(qu)滲(shen)(shen)入(ru)(ru)到基(ji)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)的氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)，熱(re)處理(li)(li)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)時(shi)間條件(jian)經(jing)(jing)實驗確定為180~200℃,2小(xiao)時(shi)，鍍(du)(du)層無鼓泡(pao)，鍍(du)(du)層結(jie)合力合格。溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)低(di)或時(shi)間過(guo)短仍有(you)輕微鼓泡(pao)，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)高(gao)或時(shi)間過(guo)長(chang)都容易(yi)使表(biao)(biao)面(mian)再(zai)次(ci)生(sheng)成(cheng)不易(yi)去(qu)除的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)皮(pi)，又需要(yao)較長(chang)時(shi)間的強酸(suan)(suan)(suan)處理(li)(li)，酸(suan)(suan)(suan)洗(xi)時(shi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)會(hui)再(zai)次(ci)滲(shen)(shen)入(ru)(ru)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)。在(zai)(zai)所選定的溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)時(shi)間下雖表(biao)(biao)面(mian)會(hui)有(you)新的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)膜生(sheng)成(cheng)，但使用稀硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)短時(shi)間酸(suan)(suan)(suan)洗(xi)即可，以免再(zai)次(ci)滲(shen)(shen)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。其(qi)二是在(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)學鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，采用某種(zhong)攪拌（空氣攪拌或機械攪拌），有(you)利于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)離(li)子向(xiang)工件(jian)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)擴散，防止(zhi)和(he)減少副反應(ying)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)（即Cu2O)的生(sheng)成(cheng)，而(er)且有(you)利于反應(ying)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣脫離(li)工件(jian)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)。通過(guo)上述(shu)兩(liang)種(zhong)方法(fa)有(you)效地解決了鍍(du)(du)層鼓泡(pao)問題，提高(gao)了鍍(du)(du)層與基(ji)體(ti)(ti)的結(jie)合強度(du)(du)(du)(du)。
③. 催(cui)化活性劑-鎳(nie)離子
在(zai)(zai)化學(xue)鍍(du)銅溶液中加入(ru)少量(liang)(liang)鎳離子后，鍍(du)層性質得到改善，在(zai)(zai)鍍(du)銅層中含有微量(liang)(liang)的鎳，形成Cu89Ni11金屬化合物，它具有最佳的催(cui)化活性，提高鍍(du)層的催(cui)化活性。
④. 穩定(ding)劑(ji)的控制
在化(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，甲醛(quan)能將二價銅(tong)(tong)(tong)離子還原為(wei)(wei)金屬銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層，還存在有(you)(you)副(fu)反(fan)應，即(ji)不完(wan)全反(fan)應生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)暗紅色(se)的氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（Cu2O),它(ta)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)微粒懸浮在鍍(du)(du)液中(zhong)，呈膠體狀態，極難用過(guo)濾(lv)除去，若與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共沉積(ji)，使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層疏(shu)松粗糙，與基體結合力極差。氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)被甲醛(quan)還原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)金屬微粒，又(you)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)催化(hua)中(zhong)心，使鍍(du)(du)液自(zi)發分(fen)解，消耗了鍍(du)(du)液中(zhong)的有(you)(you)效成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)。為(wei)(wei)了抑制(zhi)副(fu)反(fan)應的發生，加(jia)入穩定(ding)劑，以(yi)提高鍍(du)(du)液的穩定(ding)性(xing)。但是，過(guo)量的穩定(ding)劑的加(jia)人，又(you)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了化(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)反(fan)應的催化(hua)毒性(xing)劑，顯(xian)著降低化(hua)學(xue)鍍(du)(du)的速率，甚至停(ting)鍍(du)(du)，故選用穩定(ding)劑，并控制(zhi)其(qi)很低的適(shi)宜含量，對提高鍍(du)(du)液穩定(ding)性(xing)有(you)(you)效。
⑤. 防(fang)銅層變色(se)處(chu)理
對銅層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)進行防(fang)變(bian)色處理，在鍍(du)銅層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面形成一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)穩定的(de)絡合膜，隔絕外界浸蝕性物質對鍍(du)銅層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)作用，使(shi)鍍(du)銅層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)保持(chi)本(ben)色一定的(de)時間。苯并三氮唑要(yao)先用乙醇(chun)溶解好，然后加入(ru)熱蒸餾水中。防(fang)變(bian)色處理的(de)溫度(du)不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)65℃,時間不(bu)少(shao)于(yu)(yu)2min,否則(ze)防(fang)變(bian)色達(da)不(bu)到效果。
7. 鍍層結合強(qiang)度檢測－劃痕實驗法
在鍍層表(biao)面用刀片劃(hua)出(chu)1mm間(jian)距(ju)的直(zhi)行(xing)線和90°交(jiao)錯的橫行(xing)線形成小方格(ge)。觀察劃(hua)痕交(jiao)錯處鍍層有無(wu)起層，進(jin)一步(bu)用黏性高的膠(jiao)帶貼于劃(hua)痕表(biao)面，再撕下膠(jiao)帶，以銅層不脫落為合格(ge)。
8. 不銹(xiu)鋼化學鍍銅(tong)常見故障、可能(neng)原因及糾正方法見表4-40.
