顧名思義，封頭就是容器的兩端的端蓋。所以，封頭一般都是用于與各種筒體的配對后，組成壓力容器。

 封頭是常壓及承(cheng)壓容(rong)器中不可(ke)或缺的零部件(jian)，廣泛用于石油、電子(zi)、供暖、化工、醫藥、污水處理、輕紡、食品、機械(xie)、建筑(zhu)、核電、航空航天、壓力容(rong)器、軍工等行(xing)業。

封(feng)頭是壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的重要受(shou)壓元件之一，它不但直接影響容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的制造(zao)質量和成本，而且還影響生產(chan)裝置(zhi)的安全和長期運行(xing)。常用的裝置(zhi)有反應壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)，熱交換壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)，分離(li)壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)，儲存(cun)壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)等等。

 封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)的種類繁多，按(an)(an)用途(tu)可分為承壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)和常壓(ya)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)，按(an)(an)形(xing)(xing)狀可分為橢圓封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、蝶(die)形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、球冠形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、半球形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、弓形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、平底(di)形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、錐形(xing)(xing)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)等。

 圖4-29是材質為06Cr19Ni10各種規格的標準橢圓形封頭。

 對(dui)(dui)于非(fei)對(dui)(dui)稱形(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)工(gong)件，橢圓型封(feng)頭(tou)(tou)和各種型式的(de)(de)罩子，可使(shi)用熱沖(chong)壓(ya)法進行加工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型。當然，熱沖(chong)壓(ya)也(ye)(ye)適用于所有對(dui)(dui)稱形(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)封(feng)頭(tou)(tou)成(cheng)(cheng)型。目(mu)前，使(shi)用的(de)(de)大型沖(chong)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)型設備的(de)(de)加工(gong)尺(chi)寸(cun)范圍都較大，能加工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型的(de)(de)外徑達(da)29.261m、厚達(da)12.7mm的(de)(de)封(feng)頭(tou)(tou)。對(dui)(dui)某些尺(chi)寸(cun)和形(xing)狀(zhuang)，壁厚76.2mm的(de)(de)工(gong)件也(ye)(ye)可沖(chong)壓(ya)成(cheng)(cheng)型。

封(feng)頭(tou)成(cheng)型(xing)常用的方(fang)法有沖(chong)壓成(cheng)型(xing)、旋壓成(cheng)型(xing)和爆炸成(cheng)型(xing)。封(feng)頭(tou)沖(chong)壓成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)(gong)藝流程：材(cai)料(liao)檢驗(yan)→劃(hua)線(xian)→切割下料(liao)→(厚度≥6mm的坡口加(jia)工(gong)(gong)）→組裝對(dui)焊(han)（焊(han)縫修磨）→加(jia)熱→沖(chong)壓→余量切割→檢查驗(yan)收。